Impacts of Tourism

Created by

oliver lewis

Cards (14)

Impacts of Tourism-Carbon Footprint 
-More awareness of air miles
-Estimated travel and tourism industry responsible for 8% of worlds carbon emissions
-Low carbon travel and reduce passenger emissions (decarbonise).
-Carbon solutions; capture, storage, paris agreement, electric cars
Impacts from Tourism-Carrying Capacity
Ability of an area to deal with the numbers and demands of visitors who use an area.
-Resource vs environment, and the balance between them
-Impacts of over tourism e.g Venice and defined resorts
-Is it possible to have tourism without any impacts (exposure)
-Over capacity leads to decline in people if management cannot increase resilience.
Impacts from Tourism-Doxey' Index of Irritation
-Index that is based of how involved and happy locals are with tourists in the area.
4 stages;
-embrace (like the idea)
-tolerance (less involved)
-adjustment (locals change their patterns)
-withdrawal (locals avoid tourists)
Impacts from Tourism-Satellite Accounting and Direct/Indirect Employment 
-Tourism=export earner
Pre COVID-1 in 10 work in tourism
Post COVID-1 in 12 work in tourism
-Both direct and indirect employment
Impacts from Tourism-Leakage
-Money going out of the economy (TNCs, remittances)
-On average leakages are 50% higher in LICs than SIDs
-Leakage limits development potential and reinvestment
Bali-local hotels on average 8% leakage, 5* hotels on average 51% leakage.
Impacts from Tourism-Multiplier Effect/Cumulative Causation
-1/1-MPC
-Prominent in many resorts
-The spiralling effect of one action
-One thing leads to another e.g building of a hotel leads to creation of jobs.
Impacts from Tourism-Britton's Enclave Model (Core/Periphery Model)
E.g-hotel organise the trip, they then organise a car/bus service to an activity in the day, tourists return via the same car/bus organised by the hotel.
-Very limited interactions with locals
-Huge amounts of leakage
Impacts from Tourism-Plog's Model
People classified into two types;Psychocentric-people are conservative, safe and take many return trips (older families etc)Allocentric-people are adventurous, motivated and like to discover new destinations. (gap year etc)
How Governments Can Promote Tourism
-Relax immigration controls and visa requirements
-Improve transport links through investments, building new projects etc.
-Deregulation
-Improve tourist facilities like hotels, restaurants etc.
-Improve local language skills
-Advertising campaigns and links with international travel agents
-Creation of tourism board and tourist information offices at home and abroad.
Advantages of Using Tourism as Part of a Development Strategy
-Creation of jobs both directly and indirectly
-Tourism creates extra income in a country through direct tourist expenditure and tax receipts
-Infrastructure improvements
-Improved international relations and chance to increase FDI
-Attracts FDI
-New skills and technology
-Positive multiplier effect
Disadvantages of Using Tourism as Part of a Development Strategy
-Dependency on one industry
-Vulnerable to shocks
-Can cause inflation
-Opportunity cost (money could be spent elsewhere)
-Worker exploitation
-Black market/informal economy
-Economic leakage
Social Impacts from Tourism
-Distortion of culture
-Locals being pushed out
-Westernisation of culture, english speaking etc
-Tension between tourists and locals
-Cultural norms
-Increase in crime, drug use, drunkenness
-Big wealth disparities
-Disrespect for locals
-Can provide skills, employment, facilities and infrastructure
Economic Impacts from Tourism
-Many island nations are very reliant on tourism
-Regional multiplier effect
-Provides employment and new skills (seasonal)
-TNC involvement could lead to tax losses and remittances
-Could increase cost of everyday goods, which is difficult for locals
-If countries too reliant on tourism can lead to shocks
-Usually low paying and poor conditions for workers
-Exchange rate fluctuations
Environmental Impacts from Tourism
Visual pollution-ugly buildings e.g BenidormNoise pollution-traffic, clubs, people etcAir pollution-traffic, air travelWater-demand depletes aquifers, sewage unable to cope e.g Costa BlancaEnvironment-scars off wildlife, footpath erosion, deforestation