DNA

• What was transformed in Griffith’s experiment?

  Dead S (smooth) form bacteria was transformed into live R(rough) bacteria
• Explain how the DNA double helix is similar to a spiral staircase

  Just like a spiral staircase the DNA double helix has a twisting shape. the two strands of DNA wrap around each other in a spiral manner forming a double helix and the complementary base pairs act as each step of the staircase
• What nucleotide pairs up with T and C?

  T always pairs together with A ~

  C always pairs together with G
• How does DNA base pairing result in a molecule that has a uniform width?

  Due to the complementary base pairing Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) always pairs up with Cytosine (C) this complementary base pairing maintains a consistent distance between two strands of the DNA double helix resulting in uniform width
• What did Franklens data reveal about the shape of DNA


  that it was a three-dimensional shape
• Which parts are different in all nucleotides?

  The nitrogenous base
• Which parts are all the same in all nucleotides?

  phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars
• How many types of nucleotides are present in DNA?

  Four types are present
• What forms the backbone strands of the DNA double helix, what connects the strands in the middle?

  The backbone strains of the DNA double helix are formed by alternating sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules

  The strands in the middle are connected by Hydro bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases
• What are two major functions that DNA polymerase performs?

  DNA Synthesis ~ Proofreading
• Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative?

  Because each newly synthesized DNA molecule contains the original strand and one newly synthesized strand
• What must be broken for the DNA strand to separate?

  The Hydro-bonds must separate for the DNA strand to separate
• What rules do proteins play in DNA replication?

  Proteins work together to ensure accurate and efficient reproduction of DNA
• What is a template?

  It is a process guide to ensure that the order of bases is preserved, and the DNA can be replicated over and over again
• Why does DNA replication need to occur?

  DNA replication is necessary for cell division, growth, and repair it ensures that each new cell receives an identical copy of genetic information contained in the original DNA molecule
• When is DNA replicated during the cell cycle?

  The S-phase of the cell cycle
• Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

  In the nucleus
• What is DNA replication?

  DNA replication is the process of ensuring that each cell has the complete set of genetic information
• What is stated in the central dogma?

  It states that genetic information goes from DNA to RNA to proteins and cells. This means that the process of transcription converts the information stored in DNA to RNA molecules.
• What is transcription?

  Transcription is the process of converting DNA into RNA.
• How does the name of each type of RNA tell what it does

  Messenger RNA carries the generic information from DNA into the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

  transfer RNA, transfers, amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis based on the codons on the mRNA

  Ribosomal RNA forms the structural core of the ribosome
• List two ways that the end results of transcription and replication differ

  Type of nucleic acid produced

  Location and occurrence
• List two ways that the end results of transcription and replication are similar

  both processes involve complementary base pairing and both involve nucleic acid synthesis
• The three key steps of transcription

  Initiation- are they polymer spines to the promoter region of the DNA molecule the DNA strands unwind forming a transcription bubble RNA begins synthesizing RNA using one of the DNA strands

  Elongation- RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template, synthesizing the RNA molecule by adding complementary RNA

  Termination- RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA
• What enzyme helps a cell to make a strand of RNA?

  RNA polymerase helps a cell to move a strand of RNA
• What forms the bond between neighbouring amino acids?

  The bond between neighbouring amino acids is formed by peptide bonds
• What role does TRNA play in translation?

  tRNA plays the role of delivering amino acids to the ribosomes during translation. It does this by recognizing the codon of the mRNA molecule through its anti-region, which is complementary to the MRNA codon
• what do codons code for in addition to amino acids?

  in addition to coding for amino acids, some codons also serve as codon signals for the termination of protein synthesis. These codons do not code for any amino acid, but instead signal the ribosomes to stop the mRNA molecules.
• What are AGG, GCA and GUU examples of?

  They are examples of Codons
• What is a reading frame?

  The way in which a sequence of nucleotides is read in groups of three to determine the amino acid sequence in a protein.
• What is a codon?

  A codon is a three nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid found in MRNA
• What is translation?

  it’s the process that converts or translates an mRNA message into a polypeptide
• How does the presence of a lactose enable RNA polymerase to transcribe to a lac genes?

  it enables RNA polymerase to transcribe the lac genes it also acts as a switch when absent
• What is the difference between an Exon and an Intron?

  Exon:are the coding regions of a gene. They contain genetic information that is transcribed into mRNA.

  introns: are the non-coding regions of the gene. They are segments of DNA that are transcribed into RNA.
• What is a TATA box?

  It’s a DNA sequence found in the promoter region of genes
• What role the transcription factors play in a cell?

  Transcriptions factors or proteins that play a big role in gene expression by controlling the rate of transcription of certain genes
• Why do cells in your body differ from each other?

  Gene expression, different cells, express different genes at any given time, allowing them to do special tasks and functions
• Why is gene expression regulated in prokaryotic cell?

  it allows prokaryotic cells such as bacteria to better respond to stimuli and to conserve energy and materials
• List two types of gene mutations

  Point mutations and frame shift mutations
• List two types of chromosomal mutations

  deletion and duplication