Chapter 10: The Cardiovascular System

• Heart


  muscular organ that pumps blood to all parts of the body. It consists of two upper chambers: the right atrium and the left atrium, and two lower chambers: the right and left ventricles
• Tricuspid valve


  located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
• Bicuspid valve


  located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
• Semilunar valves


  located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta
• pericardium, visceral layer and parietal layer


  Three layers of the heart:
• Pericardium


  two-layer sac covering the heart that is filled with pericardial fluid
• Visceral layer


  lies closest to the myocardium
• Parietal layer


  lines the pericardium
• Myocardium


  middle, thick, muscular layer
• Endocardium


  inner lining of the heart
• Blood vessels


  tube-like structures that carry blood throughout the body
• Arteries


  carry blood containing oxygen and other nutrients away from the heart to the cells
• Arterioles


  smallest arteries
• Aorta


  largest artery in the body
• Veins


  carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products to the heart
• Venules


  smallest veins
• Venae cavae


  largest veins in the body (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava)
• Capillaries


  connect arterioles with venules
• The heart is enclosed in a fluid-filled sac called the

  Pericardium
• Bicuspid valve 


  (also called mitral): The bi- prefix shows you that this valve has two flaps
• Pulmonary semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve:

  Both have a half-moon shape, thus being named from semi (part) and lunar (moon).
• Tricuspid valve:


  indicates this valve has three flaps, keeping blood moving forward.
• atrial 


  pertaining to the atria
• valvulitis 


  inflammation of a valve
• ventricular


  pertaining to the ventricles
• angiography


  visualization of the blood vessels
• aortic


  pertaining to the aorta
• arteriolar


  pertaining to the arterioles
• vasoactive 


  acting on the blood vessels
• vascular


  pertaining to the blood vessels
• venous


  pertaining to the veins
• venular


  pertaining to the venules
• Myocarditis


  inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart wall (the myocardium), usually due to infection
• Pericarditis


  inflammation of the fibrous sac surrounding the heart (the pericardium), usually due to infection
• Peripheral vascular disease 


  progressive disease in which the blood vessels of the legs become narrower, usually due to atherosclerosis
• Phlebitis


  inflammation of a vein
• Raynaud's phenomenon

  vascular disorder in which the fingers and toes become cold, numb, and painful as a Result of temporary constriction of blood vessels in the skin
• Secondary hypertension 


  type of hypertension in which blood pressure is elevated as a result of another condition, usually kidney disease
• Tachycardia


  abnormally rapid heart rate, usually defined as 100 or more beats per minute
• Thrombophlebitis


  inflammation of a vein complicated by the formation of a blood clot within the vein