Lec 1: Orientation to the Human Body

• Anatomy


  study of structure
• Physiology


  Study of function
• Pathology


  Study of structural changes that lead to disease
• Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy


  study of large structures visible to the naked eye
• Microscopic Anatomy


  Study of very small structures that can only be viewed with a microscope
• Microscopic Anatomy subdivisions


  cytology

  histology
• Developmental Anatomy


  Study of structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
• Developmental Anatomy subdivision


  embryology
• 7 Levels of structural Organization/ Heirarchy (COCTOOO)

  Chemical Level - atoms combine to form molecules

  Organelles

  Cells - cells are made up of molecules

  Tissues - tissues consist of similar types of cells

  Organs - organs are made up of different types of tissues

  Organ Systems - consists of different that work together closely

  Organism - human organism is made up of many organ system

  
• Emergent Properties


  The higher levels can do things the lower levels cannot

  ex) cells can do things chemicals cannot
• 4 Main Tissue Types (CMEN)

  Connective

  Muscle

  Epithelial

  Nervous

  
• Organ Systems (I/L NERRD MUSIC)

  Immune/Lymphatic

  Nervous

  Endocrine

  Respiratory

  Reproductive

  Digestive

  Muscular

  Urinary

  Skeletal

  Integumentary

  Cardiovascular

  
• Immune/Lymphatic System

  Helps protect the body from disease; collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to the circulatory system

  
• Nervous system


  responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

  
• Endocrine system


  Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

  
• Respiratory system


  Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. These exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

  
• Reproductive system


  Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (eggs)

  
• Digestive system


  Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

  
• Muscular System


  Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

  
• Urinary system


  Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

  
• Skeletal system


  Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

  
• Integumentary system


  Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

  
• Cardiovascular system


  Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

  
• What are the 8 necessary life functions?

  maintaining boundaries,

  movement,

  responsiveness,

  digestion,

  metabolism,

  excretion,

  reproduction,

  growth
• What organ system is responsible for maintaining boundaries?

  Integumentary system

  
• What organ system is responsible for movement?

  Muscular system

  
• What organ system is responsible for responsiveness?

  Nervous system

  
• What organ system is responsible for digestion?

  Digestive system

  
• What organ system is responsible for metabolism?

  All systems/ at the cellular level
• What organ system is responsible for excretion?

  Urinary system

  
• What organ system is responsible for reproduction?

  Reproductive system

  
• What organ system is responsible for growth?

  Endocrine system

  
• Catabolism


  break things down

  (Cats break things)

  
• Anabolism


  Builds things up (makes body structure)

  (Ana builds things)

  
• Survival Needs (NOWNA)

  1. Nutrients - chemicals for energy and cell building (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals)
  2. Oxygen - required for chemical reaction
  3. Water - 60-80% of body weight; involved in metabolic reactions
  4. Normal body temperature
  5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure

  
• Homeostasis


  Maintaining a stable internal environment within narrow limits, regardless of environmental changes

  
• Why must homeostasis be maintained?

  for normal body functioning and to sustain life
• Receptor

  Gathers the information

  Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

  Sends information to control center

  
• Control Center


  Determines set point

  Analyzes information

  Determines the appropriate response

  
• Effector


  Muscle or Glands

  Executes response