RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• • Nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea
  • Ventilation
  • Nasal Hair
  • Epithelial Lining
  • Sinuses
  • Larynx
  • Trachea

  Upper Respiratory System
• Ventilation - movement of air in and out of the body
• Nasal Hair – catches and filter foreign substances in the inhaled air
• Goblet Cells – produces mucus.
• Cilia – moves and directs the mucus down towards the throat.
• Sinuses – air-filled passages
• Larynx – voice chords and the epiglottis
• Trachea – main conducting airway into the lungs. (Bronchi & Bronchioles)
• • Bronchial tree, smallest bronchioles, and the alveoli
  • Gas Exchange
  • Lungs

  Lower Respiratory System
• Gas Exchange – Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
• 2 spongy organs: Right & Left lung
• Bronchial artery – blood supply directly from the aorta.
• Pulmonary perfusion – delivery of blood to the alveoli.
• Gas Exchange - Carbon dioxide out from the blood, Oxygen transferred in the blood.
• Respiration – gas exchange in the alveolar level
• Alveolar sac – holds the gas
• Respiratory membrane – diffusion of gas happens
• Surfactant – decreases surface tension in the alveoli
• Respiration - Act of breathing , controlled by the Central Nervous System.
• Inspiratory muscles - (diaphragm, external intercostals, abdominal muscles)
• Chemoreceptors - – (neuroreceptors: CO2 and acid levels) increases rate of depth of respiration.
• Vagus nerve – stimulates the diaphragm contraction and inspiration.
• Bronchoconstriction – parasympathetic response
• Bronchodilation – sympathetic response
• • COMMON COLDS
  • ALLERGIC RHINITIS
  • SINUSITIS
  • PHARYNGITIS LARYNGITIS

  DISEASE (UPPER RESPIRATORY)
• • Viral infection
  • Initiate the release of Histamine and Prostaglandin – inflammatory response.
  • Mucous membrane engorged with blood → tissue swell → goblet cells increase production of mucus.

  COMMON COLDS
• • Hay Fever
  • Inflammation of the Nasal Cavity
  • Specific antigen

  ALLERGIC RHINITIS
• Otitis Media – ear infection
• • Inflammation of the Sinus Cavity
  • Severe pain – pressure against the bone.
  • Blockage of the sinus passage.

  SINUSITIS
• • Infection of the pharynx and larynx
  • Common bacteria and viruses
  • Influenza

  PHARYNGITIS LARYNGITIS
• • ATELECTASIS
  • PNEUMONIA
  • BRONCHITIS
  • BRONCHIECTASIS
  • ASTHMA
  • COPD
  • CYSTIC FIBROSIS
  • RDS
  • ARDS

  DISEASE (LOWER RESPIRATORY)
• collapse

  pulmonary tumor

  pneumothorax

  pleural effusion

  • airway blockage

  ATELECTASIS
• • Inflammation of the lungs
  • Bacterial or Viral
  • Localized swelling, engorgement, and exudation
  • Decrease gas exchange

  PNEUMONIA
• • Infection in the inner layer of the bronchi
  • Change in capillary permeability – leakage of proteins

  BRONCHITIS
• • Chronic disease that involves the bronchi and bronchioles.
  • Dilation of the bronchial tree
  • Chronic infection and inflammation of the bronchial passages.
  • Fibrous scar tissues
  • Loss of the mucociliary function

  BRONCHIECTASIS
• Reversible bronchospasms, inflammation, and hyperactive airways.

  Allergens, nonallergic inhaled irritants, exercise, emotions

  ASTHMA
• Status Asthmaticus - life threatening bronchospasm, airflow occluded
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ▪

  Permanent, chronic obstruction of airways r/t cigarette smoking

  Airflow obstruction on expiration

  Overinflation of the lungs

  Poor gas exchange

  COPD
• Emphysema – loss of elastic tissue of the lungs, destruction of the alveolar wall.
• Chronic Bronchitis – permanent inflammation of the airways with mucus secretion, edema, and poor inflammatory defenses.