Note that different neighbourhoods give rise to different deviant subcultures
Criminal subcultures
arise in areas where there is longstanding professional criminal network. They select suitable youths for an ‘apprenticeship’ in utilitarian crime and a future criminal career
Conflict subcultures
arise where the only criminal opportunities are within street gangs. Violence provides a release for frustration and a source of status earned by winning territory from rival gangs
Retreatist subcultures
are made up of dropouts who have failed in both the legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures. They are often based on drug use.
