Disabled ppl

• Disability is part of the human condition. Almost everyone will be temporarily or permanently impaired at some point in their life, and most who survive to old age will experience increasing difficulties in functioning
• 15% of World's population live in a condition classified as a disability
• Factors affecting access to services for people with disability

  • Social factors: fear, lack of understanding, stigma
  • Environmental factors: geographic disparities and other physical barriers
  • Economic: costs, living situations of PWDs
• Moral Model


  Views that disabilities as sin (Old model)
• Medical Model


  Views that disabilities as a problem (goal is to cure or achieve normalcy). It sees disability as defect or sickness
• Rehabilitation Model


  Views that disabilities as a problem (goal is to cure or achieve normalcy). It sees disabilities as deficiency
• Disabilities (Social Model)


  Embraces disability as normal part of life. (it sees social discrimination as a problem than the disability itself)
• Disability


  A complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of the society in which he or she lives
• ICF identifies disability as a universal human experience and places emphasis on the impact of disability rather than its causes
• 3 dimensions of disabilities

  • Body function-Impairment
  • Activity-restrictions
  • Participation-restrictions
• People-First Language


  The person first before the disability – describing what a person has, not what a person is
• Identity-first Language


  Disability-related word first when describing a PWD (e.g. Autistic rather than a person w autism)
• Disability Sensitive Language


  Using a non-discriminatory, non-degrading, and politically correct terms
• Sensory Disabilities

  • Auditory - ability to perceive sounds or hear
  • Visual - ability to see
  • Tactile - connected with the sense of touch
  • Olfactory - relating to the sense of smell
  • Gustatory - concerned with tasting or the sense of taste
• Conductive Hearing Loss


  A type of hearing loss that is usually correctable e.g. when ear is plugged with ear wax, a foreign body, a tumor, or fluid
• Sensorineural Hearing Loss


  A type of hearing loss that is permanent – damaged to the cochlea or nerve pathways that transmit sound (also referred to as nerve deafness)
• Mixed Hearing Loss


  Mix of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
• Forms of Communication

  • Sign Language
  • English (ASL, FSL)
  • Lipreading
  • Written Materials
  • Verbalization by the client
  • Sound Augmentation
  • Telecommunication
• 1 out of 5 benefits from hearing aids
• Shouting is a big "NO" when communicating with people with hearing impairment
• Things to avoid when communicating with people with hearing impairment

  • Talking and walking at the same time
  • Moving their heads excessively
  • Speaking while in another room or turning away from the client
  • Standing directly in front of a bright light (too bright / shadow)
  • Joking / Slang
  • Placing IV line in the hand

  
• Visual Impairments

  Defined as some form or degree of visual difficulty and includes wide spectrum of deficits: PARTIAL VISION LOSS to TOTAL BLINDNESS
• Barriers Encountered in the Healthcare Settings for people with visual impairments

  • Lack of Respect
  • Communication Problems
  • Physical Barriers
  • Information Barriers
• Ways to Bridge the Gaps/Remove Barriers for people with visual impairments

  • Normal tone of voice
  • Announcing your presence
  • Handshakes – take their hand first
  • Describe as clearly as possible
  • Explain noises associated with activity
  • Allow client to feel & manipulate (e.g. equipment)
  • E.g. shape and sizes of medicines
  • Using of different sized and shaped containers
  • Clock-wise manner > step by step (organized)
  • Enlarge the font size of letters in printed materials, labels, and instructions
  • Hold teaching sessions in quiet, private spaces – to minimize distractions and to allow adequate time to deliver instruction in an unhurried manner
• Dyslexia


  Reading and Language Processing Skills
• Characteristics of Dyslexia


  • Reading slowly
  • Difficulty decoding words, especially the order of letters
  • Problems recalling known words
• Challenges faced by people with Dyslexia

  • Figure-ground problem / confused about left and right, up and down
  • Expressing themselves verbally and remembering
  • Visual materials are ineffective
• Nursing Strategies for people with Dyslexia

  • Marking spaces
  • Assess ability to recall by questioning
  • Add pictures, use technology such as audio tapes
• Auditory Processing


  Processing or interpretation of sound in the brain
• Characteristics of Auditory Processing Disorder

  • Difficulty making sense of sounds
  • Problems with blocking out background noise
  • Trouble telling where sound is coming from
• Challenges faced by people with Auditory Processing Disorder

  • Auditory lags may occur (processing is not completed at a normal rate)
• Nursing Strategies for people with Auditory Processing Disorder

  • Assess – effective volume rate
  • Visual teaching methods (games, role-play, demo and return demo, role model)
  • Add pictures, charts, printed materials etc.
• Dyscalculia

  Difficulty with numbers and mathematical skills
• Characteristics of Dyscalculia

  • Difficulty learning math facts such as symbols and place value
  • Problems with counting
  • Trouble telling time
• Challenges faced by people with Dyscalculia

  • Severe learning disability that impairs those parts of the brain involved in mathematical processing (abstract concepts associated with numbers)
• Nursing Strategies for people with Dyscalculia


  • Concrete to abstract slowly and carefully
  • Pictures and diagrams can help grasp more abstract concepts
  • Assess progress
• Developmental Disabilities represent a lifelong condition resulting from a change in the pattern or nature of child's development
• Types of Developmental Disabilities

  • Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
  • Intellectual Disabilities
  • Asperger Syndrome / Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Child Development

  Refers to the physical, cognitive, and social-emotional growth that takes place throughout the period of childhood (CDC 2017)
• Child development is measured according to a set of milestones / expected outcomes that have been established