Chemistry revision

• The Reactivity Series
• Names for the following formulas

  • HNO3
  • MgCl
  • Ca(OH)
  • NaCl
  • HCI
• Products of these reactions

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Copper sulfate + water
  • Sodium chloride + water
  • Sodium nitrate + water + carbon dioxide
  • Magnesium nitrate + hydrogen
• Balancing equations


  1. 2NaOH + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + H2O

  2. MgO + 2HCI -> MgCl2 + H2O
• Missing from the equation: Calcium Carbonate + Sulfuric Acid -> Calcium Sulfate + Water
• Dissolving


  When something breaks down into smaller pieces it dissolves into a substance (liquid)
• Metals and their reactions with water

  • Lithium
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
• Potassium is the most reactive metal with water
• Lithium is the least reactive metal with water
• Reactivity


  How likely a chemical is to react with something else and when it does react, how violent the chemical reaction is
• All acids contain hydrogen
• Iron vs Hydrogen


  Hydrogen is more reactive than iron
• Gold vs Carbon


  Carbon is more reactive than gold
• Remembering the Reactivity Series

  • Potassium
  • Sodium
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Aluminium
  • Carbon
  • Zinc
  • Iron
  • Tin
  • Lead
  • Copper
  • Hydrogen
  • Copper
  • Gold
  • Silver
  • Platinum
• A displacement reaction is when a more reactive metal replaces (kicks out) a less reactive metal and takes its place
• Zinc Sulfate + Magnesium = Magnesium Sulfate + Zinc (a displacement reaction)
• Pieces of equipment


  • Measuring cylinder
  • Conical flask
  • Boiling tube
  • Bunsen burner
• A pH probe is more accurate than litmus paper to determine if a substance is acidic or alkaline
• Weak acid


  Yellow, pH 4-6
• Strong alkali


  Purple, pH 13-14
• Sodium Hydroxide + Hydrochloric Acid -> Sodium Chloride + Water
• Sodium Hydroxide + Nitric Acid -> Sodium Nitrate + Water
• Sodium Hydroxide + Sulfuric Acid -> Sodium Sulfate + Water
• Copper Carbonate -> Copper Oxide + Carbon Dioxide
• Thermal


  Relating to heat
• Decomposition


  Breaking down of a compound
• Heating other carbonates


  1. Zinc Carbonate -> Zinc Oxide + Carbon Dioxide

  2. Magnesium Carbonate -> Magnesium Oxide + Carbon Dioxide
• Exothermic reaction


  Gives out heat, temperature rises
• Endothermic reaction


  Takes in heat, temperature drops
• Thermal decomposition of magnesium carbonate is endothermic
• Corrosion is the reaction of a metal with oxygen to form a metal oxide compound
• Investigating the conditions required for rusting

  1. Oxygen needed

  2. Water needed

  3. Salt speeds up rusting
• Corrosion and rusting are both forms of oxidation
• Oil


  Prevents water and oxygen getting to the metal, preventing corrosion
• Galvanising


  Covering metal in a more reactive metal like zinc, which corrodes instead of the underlying metal
• Sacrificial protection


  More reactive metal corrodes instead of the protected metal
• Metal ore


  Metals that have reacted in the ground
• Ore


  A mineral containing a metal that has reacted, usually with oxygen
• Less reactive metals are found as pure metals because they are less likely to react in the ground
• Extracting copper from copper oxide

  Copper oxide + carbon -> carbon dioxide + copper