cardiovascular system

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sam hughes

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  • Cardiovascular System

    The body's transport system, which includes the heart and the blood vessels
  • Septum

    The muscular wall, dividing the heart into 2
  • Atria

    The smaller chamber of the heart, which has thinner muscular walls
  • Ventricles
    The larger chamber of the heart, with thicker muscular walls
  • Vena Cava
    Brings deoxygenated blood back to the Right Atrium
  • Pulmonary Vein
    Beings oxygenated blood to the Left Atrium. Only vein to carry oxygenated blood
  • Pulmonary Artery
    Exits the Right Ventricle with deoxygenated blood, to go to the lungs. Only artery to carry deoxygenated blood
  • Aorta

    Exits the Left Ventricle with oxygenated blood, to go to the body
  • Valves
    Regulate blood flow by ensuring that it moves in one direction. They open to allow blood to pass through, and then close to prevent back flow
  • Tricuspid Valve
    Between the Right Atrium and the Right Ventricle
  • Bicuspid Valve
    Between the Left Atrium and the Left Ventricle
  • Semi-Lunar Valve
    Between the Right and Left Ventricle and the Pulmonary Artery and Aorta
  • Cardiac Conduction System
    How a heart beats
  • Movement of blood
    IN through Atria and OUT through Ventricles
  • Myogenic

    The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses
  • Systole

    When the heart contracts
  • CCS Order
    SAN - Atrial Systole - AVN - Bundle of His - Purkinje Fibres - Ventricular Systole
  • Neural Control Mechanism
    Involves sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
  • Nervous System

    Consists of the CNS and the Peripheral Nervous System that are both controlled by the Cardiac Control Centre
  • CNS

    One part of the Nervous System that consists of the Brain and Spinal Cord
  • Peripheral Nervous System

    One part of the Nervous System that consists of the nerve cells to transmit information to and from the CNS
  • Cardiac Control Centre
    Found in the Medulla Oblongata in the brain and controls the Nervous System. It is stimulated by Chemoreceptors, Baroreceptors and Proprioceptors
  • Chemoreceptors

    Located in the Carotid Arteries and sense chemical changes as they detect and increase in Carbon Dioxide during exercise. It stimluates the Sympathetic Nervous System. An increase in Carbon Dioxide means an increase in Heart Rate
  • Baroreceptors

    Contain nerve endings, that respond to the stretching of the arterial wall, which is caused by the changes in blood pressure. An increase in Blood Pressure means a decrease in Heart Rate
  • Proprioreceptors

    Sensory nerve endings which are located in the muscles, tendons and joints. They provide information about movements and body position. An increase in Muscle Movement means an increase in Heart Rate
  • Adrenaline
    A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise, which causes an increase in heart rate. The release of Adrenaline acts as Hormonal Control
  • Stroke Volume
    The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction. Depends on Venous Return and the Elasticity of Cardiac Fibres
  • Venous Return

    Volume of blood returning to the right side of the heart via the vena cava. An increase in Venous Return means a increase in Stroke Volume
  • Elasticity of Cardiac Fibres

    How much the cardiac tissue can stretch during the diastole phase
  • Heart Rate

    The number of times the heart beats per minute
  • Cardiac Output
    The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute
  • Diastole phase

    The relaxation of the heart, allowing it to fill up with blood
  • Ejection fraction

    The percentage of blood pumped out of the Left Ventricle per beat
  • Starlings Law
    Increased Venous Return means that there is a greater diastolic filling of the heart, meaning that the cardiac muscle is stretched so that there is a larger force of contration and therefore an increased ejection fraction
  • Cardiac Hypertrophy
    The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so that it becomes bigger and stronger. It can also mean a larger ventricular cavity
  • Bradycardia

    A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute
  • Maximal exercise
    Exercise to (exhaustion) maximum intensity. A sharp rise in heart rate due to anarobic work, followed by a rapid decline in heart rate as exercise stops
  • Sub-maximal exercise

    A sharp rise in heart rate due to anaerobic work, followed by a steady state as the athlete is able to meet the oxygen demands. This is then followed by a rapid decline
  • Atherosclerosis

    Occurs when arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits. This can be caused by high blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol, lack of exercise and smoking
  • Atheroma

    A fatty deposit found in the inter lining of an artery