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• Protection

  Volcanoes : explosions can divert lava flow but only works in less densely populated areas

  Earthquakes: earthquake drills, evacuation, earthquake proofing buildings such as steel frames
• Destructive oceanic

  denser oceanic crust is SUBDUCTED, earthquakes are triggered when magma rises and they're violent.
• air particles move from an area of high pressure to low pressure
• Explain why earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur along destructive plate margins

  Destructive plate margins occur when two tectonic plates move towards eachother and one is subducted because it is denser

  When the plate sinks into the mantle it melts to form magma which builds pressure beneath the earths surface
• To what extent is climate change as a result of human action?

  1. I agree to a high extent that climate change is caused more by human than natural factors. In the figure I can see a volcanic eruption. Volcanoes release lot of ash that reflects the sun's rays causing the planet to cool. However eruptions can also release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. However the scale that this is happening at is very small compared to the human activity causing climate change
• To what extent is climate change as a result of human action?

  2. A more significant cause of climate change is industry. For example, the figure shows a factory burning fossil fuels to generate electricity. This releases greenhouse gases into the environment that causes temperatures to fluctuate and climates to rise.
• to what extent is climate change as a result of human action?

  3. a final significant factor of climate change is through agriculture and deforestation. For example, agriculture contributes to 20% of global greenhouse emissions. Cattle produces large amounts of methane gas which is harmful long term. As the demand for food such as meat rises, so does the methane in the atmosphere. Deforestation leaves fewer trees to absorb the co2 which enhances the greenhouse effect which overall contributes to climate change
• Thar desert OPPORTUNITIES

  Mineral extraction:Desert has valuable minerals that are exported all over the world such as gypsum for construction

  Tourism: tens of thousands people visit yearly, mainly from Pakistan, offer safari rides on camels, locals benefit because they provide food and accomodation

  Energy: rich in energy resources such as coal, oil, wind and solar energy (ideal conditions)

  Farming: many substance farmers that survive by cultivating plants, commercial farming made possible through irrigation
• Thar desert CHALLENGES

  Extreme temperatures: Harsh weather for farmers working outside, plants and animals have to adapt to conditions, high evaporation rates can lead to water shortages

  Water supply: low annual rainfall, few rivers and streams

  Inaccessibility: due to extreme weather there's limited road network across the desert
• Beach nourishment

  Addition of sand or shingle to reprofile the beach (make it higher or wider)

  Advantages: blends in with existing beach, larger beach increases tourism potential, defends against erosion.

  Disadvantages: expensive 500,000 per metre, needs constant maintenance as it can be washed away unless structures are in place.
• Dune regeneration

  Adding marram grass to stabilise dunes and help them develop

  Advantages: maintains a natural environment for wildlife and tourists, relatively cheap 200-2000 per 100 metres.

  Disadvantages: can be worn away by the water, time consuming to plant, damage by storms
• Ox Bo Lake formation

  1. river has meanders that form depending on the speed of the water
  2. erosion happens on the faster side and deposition happens on the inside of the bend
  3. neck of the river breaks creating a straight flow and separating from the curve, leaving behind an ox bo lake
• advantages and disadvantages of living near a natural hazard

  People living in LICs may not be able to afford living elsewhere so they have to take the risk. Due to the fertile soil surrounding volcanic areas, they are able to grow crops and also sell it. This means that they boost the local economy and their personal income. As a result, they may be able to invest in protection against hazards in the future or build houses that can protect people from volcanoes and earthquakes.

  However, can cause economic damage as buildings and shops can be damaged which will take time to rebuild
• how can planning reduce damage

  practicing drills and planning fire escape routes
• link between air pressure and surface winds

  air travels from low to high pressure and cold air sinks and causes high pressure
• why do areas near the equator have high rainfall

  the air cools and condenses leading to heavy rain
• how are plants adapted to hot climate

  spread out roots to get as much water as possible
• Formation of a spit

  1. due to longshore drift the sand is transported along the coast
  2. this changes the shape of the coastline
  3. spit grows into the sea
  4. due to the wind it curves
  5. salt marsh is formed in the middle