Cells

• What's the function of a cell wall?

  It contains cellulose, in which supports and structures the plant.
• What's the function of a Cell membrane?

  Regulates transport in and out of the cell and stores genetic material
• What's the function of a nucleus?

  Stores DNA
• What's the function of a chloroplast?

  Photosynthesis
• What's the function of mitochondria?

  Energy production, and where cellular respiration takes place
• What's the function of a vacuole?

  Help maintain water balance and is a membrane-bound organelle
• What's the function of cytoplasm?

  Cellular processes (chemical reactions)
• What's the function of a ribosome?


  Protein synthesis
• What's the function of flagella?

  Movement
• What's the function of a plasmid?

  Circular DNA which can move from one bacterium to another giving variation
• What is a eukaryotic cell?

  With a nucleus
• What is a prokaryotic cell?

  Without a nucleus
• What is the function of a Xylem?

  Responsible for the transport of minerals and water, they are hollow / dead tubes
• What is the function of the Phloem?


  Transportation of sugars and other organic nutrients in plants, used in photosynthesis
• What does the waxy cuticle do?

  When warm, the water on it may evaporate
• What does the spongy mesophyll do?


  Allows gasses to diffuse
• What does the stomata do?


  allows gasses in and out and lets water escape
• What does the guard cell do?


  Opens to let carbon dioxide in
• What happens on the palisade layer?

  Chloroplasts absorb light energy

  Where the most photosynthesis occurs
• What does the xylem cell do?


  Transports water and minerals from the roots up the plant stem and into the leaves

  -upwards

  -lined with waterproof lignin

  -dead cells
• What does the Phloem cell do?


  Moves food substances that the plant has produced by photosynthesis to where they are needed

  -living cells

  -up and down

  -requires energy
• What is translocation?


  Moving sugars around
• What is transpiration?


  Transpiration is the process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves.
• What mechanical defenses to plants have ?

  Hairs, thorns
• What do plants produce to protect against pathogens?

  anti-microbial chemicals
• diffusion


  particles moving from a higher to a lower concentration
• What is an example of diffusion?

  In and out of living cells

  In a leaf, oxygen moves out of cells through diffusion

  Then carbon dioxide moves into cells through diffusion
• What impacts the rate of diffusion?

  Temperature

  Surface area

  Concentration gradient
• osmosis

  Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules, from a region where the water molecules are in higher concentration, to a region where they are in lower concentration,
• What are some examples of osmosis?

  Water

  The cell membrane is partially permable

  Isolated plant cells

  Root hair cells
• plasmolysis


  In a more concentrated solution, the cell contents lose water by osmosis. They shrink and pull away from the cell wall
• The rate of water reuptake


  change in mass x 60 mins / period of time measured in mins
• active transport

  Low to high concentration, requires energy as it moves against a concentration gradient
• Active transport examples


  Active transport occurs in the root of a plant when it needs to intake mineral ions.

  Glucose in animals
• mitosis


   ensures that when a cell divides each new cell produced has the same genetic information. (Chromosomes, genes)
• What happens when a cell is ready to divide?

  the DNA copies itself, then coils and condenses to form the chromosomes that we see in micrographs
• Chromosomes in humans

  46 total, 23 pairs

  Females: XX

  Males: XY
• When do cells divide?

  An organism grows

  An organism becomes damaged and needs to produce new cells
• What is stage 1 of the cell cycle?

  Interphase.

  A cell grows and replicates it's DNA in preparation for division, increasing the number of sub-cellular structures
• What happens in stage 2 of the cell cycle?


  Mitosis.

  DNA is duplicated and spread out in long strings

  DNA condenses into chromosomes and duplicates each one