RAW

• Cohesion refers to the flow of your writing wherein your ideas are logically organized and appropriately sequenced in the paragraph so that they are easy to understand and follow . Basically, coherence refers to the “rhetorical” aspects of your writing, which include developing and supporting your argument
• Cohesion refers to linking words that help you connect ideas and show relationships from one sentence to another, and from one paragraph to another paragraph.The cohesion of writing focuses on the “grammatical” aspects of writing.
• Ellipsis


  Omitting words because they are understood from the context
• Ellipsis


  • John can type and I can [type] too, I don't want to go out, do you? [want to go out]
• Lexis


  A way of creating cohesion using: synonyms, hyponyms and superordinates, lexical chains
• Lexical chains


  • Created in a text by using words in the same lexical set
  • Allow for the central themes to be reiterated in a way that avoids monotony for the reader
• Conjunction


  Includes listing words, linkers for addition, concession, and cause and effect
• Substitution


  Using a word/phrase to replace a word/phrase used earlier
• Cohesive nouns


  Lexical reference that can summarize many words in one, used to signal what is to come or refer back
• REASONING –  an act of giving statements for justification and explanation. It is the ability of someone to defend something by giving out reasons.

   It is a way of giving better explanations to show the strength and weakness of something

  through writing.

   It presents a value of judgment based on a set of criteria

   It is used in giving a sound judgment – a judgment that can be backed up or supported by valid reasons or proofs

   It is the writer’s way of explaining why a strength is a strength and a weakness based on the evidence gathered.
• Escalating Assertion  It occurs when someone is not able to give a response to a person’s basic assertion, and therefore that person becomes firm about him of her s
• . Claim – the statement of the party’s point or argument of something. To assert facts that give rise to a legally enforceable right or judicial action
• Counterclaim – a rebuttal, or argument opposing the claim
• Reasons – the rationale behind a party’s claim
• Evidence – something that proves the truth of a claim, or leads to a conclusion
• Purposes for Writing Over the years, as students explore and practice writing, their sophistication in writing for different purposes and audiences will grow. Students across all grades will learn about and practice opinion/argument, informative/explanatory, and narrative writing.
• TO INFORM The purpose for writing to inform is to share facts and other information. Informational texts such as reports make statements that are supported by facts and truthful evidence.
• TO EXPLAIN The purpose for writing to explain is to tell what, how, and why about a topic. An example is to explain in writing how to do or make something.
• TO NARRATE The purpose of writing to narrate is to tell a story. The story can be made up or truthful. Most forms of
• TO PERSUADE Writing that has a purpose to persuade states an opinion or goal and supports it with reasons and supporting details in order to get the audience to agree, take action, or both.
• In the business and professional world, letter-writing plays a crucial role in communication with clients, negotiations, administration, marketing, recruitment and employment, and many other everyday situations.
• Heading (name, postal address, Email Add, Website address, telephone number, fax number, trademark or logo)
• Date (normally written on the right hand side corner after the heading)
• Reference (it indicates letter number and the department from where the letter is being sent and the year)
• Inside Address(includes the name and full address of the person or the firm to whom the letter is to be sent)
• Subject (a brief statement that indicates the matter to which the letter relates)
• Salutation: ex. Sir/Madam ; Dear Sir/Madam ; Dear Sirs/Dear Madam
• Opening Part – the introductory part of the letter. In this part, attention of the reader should be drawn
• Main Part – this part contains the subject matter of the letter. It should be precise and written in clear words.
• Concluding Part - it contains a statement of the sender’s intentions, hopes or expectations concerning the next step to be taken. Further, the sender should always look forward to getting a positive response. In the end, terms like Thanking you, With regards, With warm regards may be used.
• Complimentary Close (a polite way of ending a letter) ex: yours faithfully; sincerely yours, respectfully yours
• Signature (the name of the writer should be typed immediately below the signature)
• Enclosure (this is required when some documents like cheque, draft, bills, receipts, lists, invoices, etc. attached with the letter. This enclosures are listed one by one with serial numbers)
• Copy Circulation (this is required when copies of the letter are also sent to persons apart of the addressee. It is denoted C.C.)
• Post Script (when the writer wants to add something which is not included in the body of the letter. It is expressed as P.S.)
• Business Inquiry Letter – the letter written to sellers (details of goods to buy, quality, quantity, price, delivery mode, and payment)
• Quotation Letter – after the receiving the letter of inquiry from a prospective buyer, the sellers supply the relevant information by writing a letter
• Order Letter – letters written by a buyer to the seller giving the order to purchase the goods.
• Complaint Letter – written when the purchaser does not find the goods up to his satisfaction.
• Recovery Letter – the letter written by the seller for collection of money for the goods Supplied to the buyer.