Histology

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Cards (792)

  • Organ
    A structure formed by a combination of two or more basic tissues
  • Organ system
    Several organs with similar functions grouped together
  • Organ classification based on morphology
    • Tubular
    • Parenchymatous
  • Tubular organ
    A hollow organ with a lumen (canal) and a wall
  • Layers of the tubular organ wall
    • Tunica mucosa
    • Tunica submucosa
    • Tunica muscularis
    • Tunica adventitia or Tunica serosa
  • Tunica mucosa
    • Composed of lining epithelium, lamina propria and lamina muscularis mucosae
    • Kept moist by secretions from lining epithelial or glandular cells
  • Tunica submucosa
    • Composed of loose connective tissue, contains blood vessels, nerves, autonomic ganglia and nerve plexuses
  • Tunica muscularis
    • Generally composed of two layers: inner thick circular and outer thin longitudinal smooth muscle
  • Tunica adventitia or Tunica serosa
    • Outermost coat composed of loose connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves, myenteric ganglia and plexuses, and adipose cells
  • Parenchymatous organ

    A solid organ composed of a stroma and a parenchyma, where the parenchyma is the functional part of the organ
  • Major body systems
    • Musculoskeletal system
    • Nervous system
    • Cardiovascular system
    • Lymphatic system
    • Integumentary system
    • Respiratory system
    • Urinary system
    • Digestive system
    • Endocrine system
    • Reproductive system
    • Special sense organs
  • Musculoskeletal system

    • Composed of skeletal muscles, bones, joints, tendons and nervous structures that support and move the body
  • Bone
    Gives support to the body and serves as a point of attachment for muscles, site of calcium deposition and withdrawal
  • Bone classification by shape
    • Tubular
    • Flat
  • Long bone
    • Tubular bone that forms the skeletal framework of the limbs, composed of diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal plate and epiphysis
  • Epiphyseal plate

    • A narrow zone of growth that separates the metaphysis from the epiphysis, where cartilage is replaced by bone through endochondral ossification
  • Short bone
    • Has the same structure as the long bone except that it has no epiphyseal plate
  • Flat bone
    • Makes up the bones of the skull/cranium, pelvis and shoulder blade, develops by intramembranous ossification
  • Muscle organ or Anatomic muscle

    A parenchymatous organ composed of muscle fascicles (bundles), can only contract not relax
  • Scapula
    Shoulder blade
  • Intramembranous ossification
    Bone development process
  • Flat bones
    • Shaped like a sandwich, made up of two layers of compact bone separated by a layer of cancellous bone
    • Initially the wall and the middle region are occupied by cancellous bone
    • As development progresses the cancellous wall becomes compact by addition of more lamellae in the existing bone trabeculae
    • The intertrabecular spaces in the cancellous middle region become marrow cavities filled with red bone marrow
  • Syndesmosis
    Connective tissue joining adjacent flat bones, particularly in the skull
  • Fontanelle
    Wide suture where three or more flat bones meet
  • Muscle organ or Anatomic Muscle

    Muscles studied in gross anatomy, can only contract not relax, paired so one contracts while the other is passively extended
  • Muscle organ
    • Composed of muscle fascicles (bundles)
    • Each muscle fascicle consists of several skeletal myocytes/fibers arranged parallel to each other
    • Presents three gradations of connective tissue investment that transmit the force of contraction: epimysium, perimysium and endomysium
  • Epimysium
    Irregular DWFCT capsule that enwraps the whole muscle organ, attached to the end points at which the muscle originates or inserts on bone
  • Perimysium
    Connective tissue layer made up of a sheath of collagen fibers that encloses a muscle bundle or muscle fascicle
  • Endomysium
    Delicate loose connective tissue sheath with collagen and reticular fibers that encloses individual skeletal myocytes (or muscle fibers)
  • Structures Associated with Bone and Muscle Organs
    • Tendon
    • Joint or articulation
    • Afferent nerve endings
    • Efferent nerve ending
  • Tendon
    Composed of regular DWFCT that attaches muscle organ to bone organ, has tremendous tensile strength, encapsulated by an irregular DWFCT called epitenon
  • Tendon
    • Consists of bundles of collagen fibers, which correspond to muscle fascicles
    • Each bundle is enclosed by a perimysial-like connective tissue called, endotenon
    • Anchored to the bone by fibrous bone sheaths called annular ligaments
    • Separated from the annular ligament by a sheath of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue or synovial sheath called paratenon or paratendon
    • At points of friction the tendon is wrapped in a synovial sheath
  • Nervous system
    Complex of organs formed by nervous tissue, connective tissue, and vascular components
  • Sharpey's fibers

    Ends of collagen fibers embedded in the bone or cartilage to achieve actual attachment of the tendon
  • Nervous tissue
    Tissue that exhibits two properties: irritability (ability to react) and conductivity (ability to transmit the elicited response)
  • Nervous system
    Composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (all other nervous tissue)
  • Joint
    Structures that unite two or more bones together, provided for weight-bearing, locomotion, stability, and growth
  • Tissues that may contribute to articulations
    • Hyaline cartilage
    • Fibrocartilage
    • Dense collagenous tissue
    • Loose collagenous tissue
    • Bone
    • Adipose tissue
  • Development of the nervous system
    1. Specialized region of surface ectoderm along the dorsal midline thickens to become neural ectoderm
    2. Neural folds form and lips fuse to become the neural tube
    3. Neural tube is incorporated into the developing embryo to form the brain and spinal cord
    4. Neural crest cells remain separate from the neural tube and form the peripheral nervous system
  • Types of joints
    • Syndesmosis
    • Synchondrosis
    • Synostosis
    • Symphysis
    • Diarthrosis