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Paper 1
4. Atomic structure
isotopes and nuclear radiation
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Cards (27)
what do all atoms have set number of?
protons
what is the atomic number?
the number of
protons
what is the mass number?
Number of
protons
and
neutrons
what is an isotope?
has the
same
number of
protons
but
different
number of
neutrons
do all atoms have different isotopes?
yes
- they usually have
one
or
two
stable
ones
what do unstable isotopes do?
they
decay
into other elements and give out radiation as they try to become more
stable
what is that process called?
radioactive decay
What do radioactive substances spit out?
one
o r more types of
ionising
radiation from their nucleus -
alpha
,
beta
,
gamma
what also can they release?
neutrons
when they decay they
rebalance
their
atomic
and
mass
numbers
what is ionising radiation?
is radiation that
knocks
off
electrons
off
atoms
and makes them
positive
ions
what is
ionising
power?
How
easily
electrons
are
knocked
off atoms creating
positive
ions.
what are the subatomic particles in a alpha particle?
2
neutrons and
2
protons
what is an alpha particle the same as?
helium nucleus
how far do alpha particles penetrate?
not very
far
into materials and they get stopped
quickly
- they only
travel
a
few
cm
in
air
what are alpha particles absorbed by?
sheet of paper
how ionising are alpha particles?
Very
strongly
ionising
what are beta particles ?
fast
moving
electrons
-
no
mass charge of
-1
how ionising are beta particles?
Moderately
ionising
how far can beta particles penetrate?
penetrate
moderately
far into
materials
before
colliding
what is beta particles range in air?
a
few metres
how are beta particles absorbed?
a
sheet
of
aluminium
-
5mm
thick
what happens when a beta particle is emitted?
A
neutron
turns into a
proton
what are gamma rays?
they are
electromagnetic
waves released by the
nucleus
How far do gamma rays penetrate?
Far
into
materials
without being
stopped
and will travel a
long
distance
through the
air
what is the ionising power of a gamma ray?
weakly ionising
- they tend to
pass
through
rather than
collide
with atoms
what happens they hit something?
they will do
damage
how are they absorbed?
thick
sheet
of
lead
or
meters
of
concrete