muscles

• skeletal muscle

  A) endomysium

  B) epimysium

  C) muscle fiber

  D) fasicle

  E) perimysium

  F) tendon

  
• facial muscles

  A) frontalis

  B) temporalis

  C) orbicularis oris

  D) orbicularis oculi

  E) zygomaticus

  F) masseter

  G) buccinator

  H) occipitalis

  
• abdominal muscles

  A) pectoralis major

  B) sternocleomastoid

  C) trapezius

  D) rectus abdominis

  E) serratus anterior

  F) external oblique

  G) latissimus dorsi

  H) trapezius

  I) deltoid

  
• arm muscles

  A) deltoid

  B) triceps brachii

  C) biceps brachii

  D) brachialis

  E) brachioradialis

  F) flexor carpi radialis

  G) flexor carpi radialis

  H) triceps brachii

  I) brachialis

  J) biceps brachii

  K) brachioradialis

  L) extensor carpi radialis longus

  M) extensor carpi ulnaris

  N) extensor digitorum

  
• leg muscles

  A) gastronemius

  B) soleus

  C) peroneus longus

  D) sartorius

  E) semimembranosus

  F) semitendinosus

  G) gracilis

  H) abductors

  I) gluteus maximus

  J) gluteus medius

  K) biceps femoris

  L) achilles tendo

  M) tibialis anterior

  N) sartorius

  O) vastus medialis

  P) vastus lateralis

  Q) gracilis

  R) abductors

  S) satorius

  T) peroneus longus

  U) soleus

  V) gastronemius

  
• synovial joints

  A) synovial/joint cavity

  B) synovial membrane

  C) tendon

  D) ligament

  E) articular cartilage

  F) bursa

  G) tendon sheath

  H) joint capsule

  
• flexion: decrease angle of joint/bones closer together

  extension: increase angle/bones farther apart

  
• rotation: movement of bone around longitudinal axis (twisting and turning)

  
• circumduction: moving in circle

  abduction: move away from midline

  adduction: move toward midline

  
• supination: palm up (biceps synergist muscle)

  pronation: palm down (brachioradialis synergist muscle)

  
• synarthroses (fibrous joints)


  fixed non moveable, held together by dense irregular CT

  skull sutures, syndemoses (stabilizes tibia and fibula, radius and ulna)
• amphiarthroses (cartilaginous joints)


  connected by cartilage, limited movement, spinal column, vertebrae, pubic symphysis, ribs
• diarthroses (synovial joints)


  separated by joint cavity, lots of movement, synovial fluid (reduces friction at joint), shoulder, neck, knee, elbow, wrist, ankle, finger/toes, hips
• ligaments: bone to bone, dense regular tissue, formed of periosteum

  joint cavity: space between bones with synovial fluid

  synovial membrane: lines joint cavity and forms fluid

  fibrous capsule: encloses joint surfaces

  articular cartilage: covers ends of bones and reduces friction

  tendons: muscle to bone

  tendon sheath: elongated bursa thats wraps around tendon

  Bursa: slippery sack of fluid that cushions and reduces friction between bone and tissues, lined with synovial membrane and synovial fluid
• insertion: attachment to moveable bone

  origin: attachment to immoveable bone

  
• abdominal layers:

  outermost: external oblique

  middle: internal oblique and rectus abdominis

  inner: transversus abdominis
• prime movers (agonists): muscles that contract to produce movement

  synergists: muscle that adds to prime mover movement and prevents rotation

  fixators: stabilizes origin of prime mover

  antagonists: muscle that opposes prime mover

  
• muscle dystrophy

  degeneration of voluntary/involuntary muscle, genetic

  interdependent proteins along membrane surrounding muscle fiber keep muscle cells working properly-duchenne protein not present

  causes clumsiness and weak muscles
• functions of muscles

  produce movement thru contractions

  maintain posture: fight gravity

  stabilize joints: tendons on muscle

  generate heat: ATP when muscles move
• smooth muscle

  involuntary muscle in walls of organs, no striations, 1 nucleus, tapered cells
• cardiac muscle


  involuntary muscle heart, striations, single nucleus, joined at intercalated discs
• skeletal muscle


  attached by tendons to periosteum of bones, multinucleated, striated, voluntary, surrounded by connective tissues
• neck muscles

  A) sternocleomastoid

  B) trapezius

  C) pectoralis major

  
• Articulations (joints)


  where bones connect together, hold bones together, allow for mobility
• muscle fiber: muscle cell

  endomysium: around single muscle fiber

  fascicle: bundle of fibers

  perimysium: around a fascicle

  epimysium: covers skeletal muscle, blends into tendons and aponeuroses that attach muscle to bones

  fascia: outside of epimysium