History

• Matthias Jakob Schleiden cell as the basic unit of plant structure
• Theodor Schwann cell as the basic unit of animal structure
• THREE TENETS

  1. All life is composed of one or more cells.

  2. A cell is the basic unit of life.

  3.All cells come from pre- existing cells. (Robert Remak)
• Werner Amber, Hamilton Smith, Daniel Nathans

  described restriction endonucleases; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
• Marshall Nirenberg, Har Gobind Khorana, Robert William Holley worked out the complete genetic code; Nobel Prize in PM
• Haemophilus influenzae first organism to have its complete genome sequenced
• Oswald Avery, Alfred Hershey, Martha Chase discovered that DNA was the genetic material
• Erwin Chargaff numbers of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine groups in DNA are always equal
• James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins proposed the DNA structure; Nobel Price in Physiology or Medicine (1962)
• Calvin Bridges discovered different types of chromosomal abnormalities and aberrations
• Thomas Hunt Morgan Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine: Gene Theory
• William Bateson used the terms "genetics", "F1", "F2", "homozygote", and "heterozygote"
• Nettie Maria Stevens investigated sex determination in mealworms; described the X and Y chromosomes
• Wilhelm Johannsen coined the terms "gene", "genotype", and "phenotype"
• August Weismann inheritance of traits is based exclusively in the nucleus; coined the term "meiosis"
• Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer coined the term "chromosome"
• Walter Sutton explained Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
• Gregor Johann Mendel Laws of Inheritance; father of Genetics
• Franz Anton Schneider first account of mitosis
• Walther Flemming used aniline dyes to describe movement of chromosomes in animal cells, coined the term "mitosis"
• Karl Wilhelm von Naegeli described cells chromosomes in plant
• Robert Remak "omnis cellula e cellula"