Renaissance

• someone who protested against the Catholic Church

  Protestant
• When people demand changes

  Reformation
• He wrote his ideas down on a piece of paper called The Ninety-Five Theses.
• The Pope was angry with Luther because he disagreed with him about selling indulgences, so he excommunicated him from the church.
• The Protestants believed that they could read the Bible themselves, without needing priests to interpret it for them.
• John Calvin was another important figure during the Reformation. He founded the Presbyterian Church and believed that everything happens according to God's plan.
• They also believed that everyone had their own direct relationship with God, rather than going through the priest or the pope.
• Religious reform movement during the 1500s that created the branch of Christianity known as Protestantism


  Protestant Reformation
• paying $$$ for a pardon of sins or reward for good behavior

  indulgences
• Causes of the Reformation

  • People were reading the Bible in their own language
  • People questioned the God because of scientific Advancement and Plague
  • The Church was corrupt
• Who is Martin Luther?

  German who was dissatisfied with the church

  Monk
• Martin Luther

  • Accidentally, plays a huge role in starting the Protestant Reformation
  • In 1517, he posts his “95 Theses” on the church door in Wittenberg
• Luther’s 95 Theses

  • A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church
• Luther’s 95 Theses

  • Luther criticized:
  • The Pope’s power
  • The church’s extreme wealth
  • Selling of indulgences
• The 95 Theses were originally just for scholarly debate and then quickly spread throughout Europe because


  Of the printing press
• Martin Luther’s Teachings

  • Salvation by faith alone, God decides
  • Teaching based on the Bible and should be translated into vernacular (everyone can read the Bible and be their own priest)
  • All people are equal before God, priests and church hierarchy are not better
• What happens to Luther

  1520 Pope Leo x (the Medici pope) declares 95 theses heretical and ask him to recant Luther doesn’t recant in 15
• Catholics believe that the Pope has authority over all Christians, while Protestants reject this idea.
• Peasant Wars


  1. After reading 95 Theses

  2. Demanded equality
• French Wars of Religion 1562-1598


  French civil war between Catholics and Protestants
• Thirty Years' War 1618-1648


  Battle between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
• The Thirty Years' War resulted in a shaky peace
• Catholicism emphasizes the importance of sacraments such as baptism and communion, while Protestants focus more on personal interpretation of scripture.
• Protestants believe that salvation is through faith alone, while Catholics believe it comes from good works.
• Protestants believe that salvation is achieved through faith alone, while Catholics believe it comes from good works as well as faith.
• Martin Luther nailed his "Ninety Five Theses" to the door of Wittenberg Cathedral in Germany, sparking controversy and leading to the Protestant Reformation.
• Protestant Reformation was led by Martin Luther who challenged Catholic Church practices like selling indulgences (forgiveness) to raise money.
• Why did the 95 Theses become so popular with the people of Western Europe?

  • Criticism of the Catholic Church
  • They didn’t have to pay indulgences
  • People realized they were equal
• Three Main Effects of the Reformation:

  Creation of Different Sects of Protestantism:

  • After Martin Luther many more people start reading the Bible and coming up with their own interpretations
  • Many new sects of Protestantism such as: Presbyterianism, Anglicanism, and Calvinism
  • One sec was Calvinism created by John Calvin.
• Calvinism beliefs:

  • Predestination - God chooses who goes to heaven, you don‘t get there by good works
  • Our moral lives will reveal if we’re chosen by God to go to heaven or hell
  • Work ethic, righteous life that honors God
• Religious Wars

  • Peasant Wars after reading 95 Theses - demanded equality
  • French Wars of Religion 1562-1598-French Civil War that was Huguenots (Protestants vs Catholics)
  • Thirty Years War 1618-1648 - battle between Catholic and Protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire
• Counter-Reformation


  When the Catholic Church responded to the Protestants reformation with reforms and reaffirming some of their beliefs
• Jesuits: A group of priests founded by Ignatius Loyola who wanted to spread Christianity through education and missionary work
• Council of Trent - 1545-1563


  Convened affirm the truths of the Church and reform abuses and errors
• Beliefs Affirmed

  • The Seven Sacraments are important
  • Salvation through good works + faith
  • Priests should be celibate
• Reforms

  • Training for priests it’s so that they would be less corrupt and more knowledge
  • Bishops need to live near their parish
  • Creation of Religious Orders of people devoted to the Church
  • Ex. Jesuits - Order of priests ran like the military, into education and debating Protestants
• What was the life like in Europe and the Islamic empires around 1200-1350?

  Life in Europe is Fuedalism and Manorism. In Islam life is Properous and Golden age.
• What was the Renaissance?


  The age of the ”Rebirth” that began in 1350. It was a cultural transformation of Western Europe, characterized by achievements in art and literature and changes in point of view.
• What was the Printing Press?


  The Printing Press was an invention that allowed to distribute information more efficiently in the western world. The press was used ink to put on paper.
• Who invented the Printing Press?

  The Chinese invented the press 500 years prior to Johann Gutenberg bringing it to Europe and getting the credit as the first inventor.