CHAPTER V-VI

• The Encomienda System


  Spanish government in Manila converted the land of Indios into the encomienda. There are three types: Royal (taxes go to King of Spain), Ecclesiastical (taxes go to the church), Privado (given to the friend of King)
• The Encomienda System


  1. Converted the land into Haciendas

  2. Encomiendero had the right to collect taxes

  3. Encomiendero not allowed to live inside encomienda to avoid direct communication with natives

  4. Natives are the real owner of the land
• Viceroy of Mexico


  Spanish Monarchy assigned officer who monitor the colony
• Consejo de Indias


  Legislative body for the colonies
• The Creation of Political Institution

  1. Spanish Monarchy assigned officer who monitor the colony

  2. They appoint Governor-General

  3. Governor-General assigned taxes, give pardon

  4. Governor-General is head of military and Real Audencia

  5. Archipelago divided into provinces under Alcalde Mayor

  6. Provinces divided into towns/pueblos under Gobernadorcillo

  7. Towns/pueblos divided into barangays headed by Cabeza de Barangay
• Indios had no right to occupy the higher positions in the government
• Residencia


  Officials who check the abuse power of the royal officials
• Visitador


  Officials who just visit to check the royal officials
• Different Policies Imposed by the Spaniards

  1. Reduccion - natives forced to live near center

  2. Bandala - natives obliged to sell products to Spaniards at lowest price

  3. Polo Y Servicios - all males 16-60 obliged to render 40 days service to government

  4. Falla - pay 8 reales to be exempted from Polo
• Taxes paid by the Natives

  • Cedula - 8 reales per year
  • Sanctorum - 3 reales for church
  • Donativo de Zamboanga - half to finance war in Mindanao
  • Tribute - paid in cash or kind
  • Galleon trade - trading route from China, Acapulco Mexico, and Manila
  • Boletas - trading ticket for Galleon
• Educational System


  Religion was the center, primary education by Friars, girls and boys had separate schools, Filipinos trained in Catholicism, not allowed to speak own language
• Social Classes


  • Peninsulares - Spanish born in Spain
  • Insulares - Spanish born in Philippines
  • Creoles - mixed blood (Illustrado and Principalia)
  • Indio - natives
• Transformation of the society and culture

  1. Hispanization of Filipinos

  2. Baybayin replaced by abecedario

  3. First book printed was Doctrina Christiana

  4. Secularization of painting - painters use church concept

  5. Simple bahay-kubo became stone with sala, azotea, banguerahan, komedor
• Carlos Ma. Dela Torre


  Most liberal Spanish governor general
• Opening of Suez Canal in 1869 shortened the distance of travel between Europe and Asia
• Illustrados


  Educated Filipinos who brought liberal ideas from Europe and America
• Secularization


  1. Dela Torre called limited secularization of education

  2. Regulars did not want to relinquish parishes to native priest

  3. Dela Torre replaced by Izquierdo
• The Execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora (GomBurZa)

  1. Izquierdo abolished exemption of Filipino workers to forced labor, workers mutinied

  2. Mutiny gave Izquierdo justification to persecute leaders of Secularization movement and Filipino patriots

  3. Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora executed on February 17, 1872
• That fatal day, national consciousness among Filipinos emerged
• Propaganda Movement


  Unified nationalist movement, aimed for Philippines to transition from colony to province of Spain to enjoy same rights and privileges
• Reforms sought by Propaganda Movement

  • Equality
  • Philippine representation in Spanish court
  • Secularization of Philippine parishes
  • Human rights for Filipinos
• The Philippine Revolution


  1. La Liga Filipina founded by Jose Rizal, purpose was to build new group and reform

  2. Liga membership split into conservatives and radicals led by Bonifacio who formed Katipunan
• The Founding of Katipunan

  1. Bonifacio and radicals met on July 7, 1892 and formed secret revolutionary society Katipunan

  2. Deodato Arellano first Supremo, followed by Roman Basa, then Andres Bonifacio
• Katipunan Membership


  Recruited by 'Triangle System', successful beginner signed roster in own blood, three grades: Katipun, Kawal, Bayani
• Katipunan


  Secret revolutionary society formed by Andres Bonifacio
• Bonifacio and his radical members met to form the Katipunan


  July 7, 1892
• Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan


  Full name of the Katipunan
• Katipunan


  • Main objective: To unite Filipino people and separate from Spain through revolution
• Supremo ng Katipunan


  Leader of the Katipunan
• First three members of Katipunan

  • Andres Bonifacio, Teodoron Plata, Ladislaw Diwa
• Grades of Katipunan membership

  • Katipun (first grade) - password: Anak ng Bayan
  • Kawal (second grade) - password: GomBurZa
  • Bayani (third grade) - password: Rizal
• Andres Bonifacio


  • Born in Tondo, Manila on November 30, 1863
  • Gregoria de Jesus as his second wife
  • The father of Philippine Revolution
  • His formal education was limited
  • Wrote a Decalogue or Ten Commandments
• Teachings of Katipunan


  • Love God with all your Heart
  • Love of God is also love of country
  • Honor and happiness is to die for the freedom of your country
  • All your good wishes will be success if you have serenity
  • Guard the mandates of KKK as your honor
  • Defend and risk their own lives
  • Our duties will be example set for our fellowmen to follow
  • Share your means to the poor
  • Love for your own self, for your wife and children
  • Punish any scoundrel and traitor and praise all good work
• Emilio Jacinto


  • He is the "Brain of the Katipunan"
  • Born in Tondo on December 15, 1875
  • Studied law at the UST
  • Youngest member of Katipunan at 18
  • Editor of Kalayaan, the organ of the society and the author of "Kartilla ng Katipunan"
  • Wounded in battle that caused his death at 23 years old
• Apolinario Mabini


  • Born of poor parents in Barrio Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas in 1864
  • He is the "Brain of the Revolution"
  • Finished his Law degree at UST in 1984
  • Joined Rizal's civic organization then recruited by Aguinaldo as private counselor
  • President of Cabinet and Secretary of Foreign Affairs
  • Deported to Guam on orders of General Arthur mac Arthur
  • Wrote "The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic"
• The Start of Uprising

  1. Honoria, sister of Teodoro Patino, confessed and revealed the secret KKK organization

  2. Discovered a copy of Kalayaan

  3. Imprisonment of Dr. Jose Rizal because Spaniards accused as the founder of KKK

  4. Meeting on the house of Melchora Aquino or "Tandang Sora" known as the mother of the Katipuneros

  5. The Cry of Pugad Lawin - Andres Bonifacio asked them to put out their cedula and tore it

  6. Katipuneros suffered a big loss and the group was not yet ready for the battle

  7. Gov Gen Ramon Blanco declared Martial Law in 8 provinces who participated in uprising

  8. Execution of thirteen people from Cavite as warning for the public

  9. Dr. Jose Rizal executed in Bagumbayan
• The Tejeros Convention


  1. Katipunan gathered to plan offensive against the Spaniards

  2. Emilio Aguinaldo won the Presidency over Andres Bonifacio

  3. Andres elected as Interior Director but Daniel Tirona complained because Andres Bonifacio was not a lawyer

  4. Andres felt insulted so he put out his revolver

  5. Another convention held in Naic and Andres Bonifacio won the presidency

  6. Emilio Aguinaldo had meeting and they recommend the execution of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio

  7. Lazaro Makapagal shot Andres Bonifacio at the back
• The Treaty of the Biak-na-Bato

  1. Chance of reconciliation mediated by Pedro A. Paterno

  2. Negotiated with Emilio Aguinaldo and Primo de Rivera to return peace and order

  3. Voluntary exile of Emilio Aguinaldo to Hongkong

  4. The Spanish government will pay 800,000 to the Filipinos

  5. The Spanish government will pay additional of 900,000 to the families of the Filipinos who were not part of revolution
• Dictatorial Government


  1. Aguinaldo established a Dictatorial Government on May 24, 1898

  2. Decree nullified the treaty of Biak-na-Bato

  3. Declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898 at Kawit Cavite

  4. Doña Marcela Agoncillo delegated her eldest daughter, five-year-old Lorenza Agoncillo, and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa Natividad, to help her make the first Philippine flag
• The Philippine Republic


  1. First republic in Asia inaugurated on July 23, 1899 at Barasoain Church in Malolos

  2. Aguinaldo took oath as President of the Republic

  3. Aguinaldo issued a decree granting pardon the prisoners of war who were not Spanish Army