RPH - LESSON 18

• one of the influential Americans wished that war between Spain and the U.S. should break out in order to expand the navy in Asia

  Theodore Roosevelt, Sr
• The coming of the Americans was not a mere accident of the Spanish-American War but a planned action.
• Led by ---- Manila was attacked on May 1, 1898. The Spaniards, in the face of absolute defeat, hoisted the white flag in Cavite in token of surrender

  Commodore George Dewey
• Who did Aguinaldo meet while he was in Singapore?

  Spencer Pratt
• American interests to the Philippines:

  economic, religious, naval and military
• believed that the Spanish position was hopeless in the face of a superior enemy and in the face of Filipino revolutionaries.

  Governor-General Fermin Jaudenes
• To satisfy the Spanish code of honor, Jaudenes insisted that the surrender of Spain should be done in a?

  mock bottle
• Jaudenes, insisted that the Filipino revolutionaries should be excluded from participating in the surrender of Spain in Manila
• The Americans accepted the terms even if it meant --- to their ally, Aguinaldo

  treachery
• Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines from Hong Kong with a plan to form a Filipino government. He established the --- in May 1898 but a month later changed into ---

  Dictatorial Government , Revolutionary Government.
• The Congress was convoked at Malolos in September and a constitution prepared to guide the government in its progress toward ---

  republicanism
• were sent abroad to work for the recognition of the Philippine independence

  Diplomatic agents
• The United States, however, had decided to take over control of the Philippines and in December 1898 the --- between Spain and the United States was concluded.

  Treaty of Paris
• It provided that Spain would cede the Philippines to the United states in return to which Spain would receive $20,000,000 from the United States as payment for improvements made in the colony. Further, the United States agreed to give the Spaniards the right to ship commodities to the Philippines for a period of ten years on the same terms as those of the United States.


  treaty of paris
• PRES. McKINLEY’S BENEVOLENT ASSIMILIATION PROCLAMATION


  expressly indicated the intention of the United States to stay in the Philippines by exercising the right of sovereignty over the Filipinos. In other words, the United States would assume control and disposition of the government of the Philippines
• President McKinley


  instructed miliary commanders in the Philippines to extend American sovereignty over the entire country by force
• Antonio Luna 


  pointed out that it was “merely a subterfuge to quiet the people temporarily until measures could be inaugurated and applied to put in practice all the offensive features of government which Spain had employed in the Philippines
• Aguinaldo


  Who said that my government cannot remain indifferent in view of such a violent and aggressive seizure of a portion of its territory by an nation which arrogated to itself the title of champion of oppressed nations.
• Filipino-American relations progressively deteriorated:

  American insistence on the evacuation of Aguinaldo’s army of the strategic points along the Manila Bay area

  The refusal of the American military authorities to allow the Filipino soldiers to enter the city after its surrender

  American limitation of the areas to be occupied by the Filipino troops after the mock battle of Manila

  On February 4, 1899, an American sentry shot a Filipino soldier resulting in the outbreak of the Filipino-American hostilities
• Unresolved February 4 incident, Aguinaldo prepared local chiefs of the possible start of the Filipino-American hostilities American military authorities ordered an all-out against Filipinos army

  American military won majority of the battles led by Gen. MacArthur while Filipino troops led by Gen. Antonio Luna and Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
• surrendered to the Americans

  Ilo-ilo and Cebu
• sympathize with the Americans

  Negrense
• Bates Treaty


  was introduced and signed in Jolo, Sulu of August 20, 1899
• Bates Treaty


  sovereignty of the U.S over the whole archipelago of Jolo and its dependencies is declared and acknowledged, that the rights and dignities of His Highness the Sultan and his datos shall be fully respected.
• Aguinaldo fled to the mountains
• The Battle of Pasong Tirad, --- was killed

  Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
• Aguinaldo was captured on?

  Mar 23, 1901
• April 1, 1899


  Aguinaldo took his oath of allegiance to the U.S. and appealed to all Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of the U.S
• After the capture of Ge. Aguinaldo at Palanan, Isabela in 1901,


  the Filipino-American war ended as far as the United States and Filipino elites were concerned. But to the Filipino masses, who looked upon their war against the Americans as a continuing struggle for independence, the resistance lasted longer.
• The resistance can be seen in three sectoral perspectives:

  Christian, Muslim and Tribal
• American colonial authorities


  repeatedly offered opportunities for Filipino cooperation and participation in the colonial government
• Schurman Commission


  non-military approach of American colonialism
• Filipinization

  Francis Burton
• Jones Law 


  was passed, legislative power was given to the Filipino
• OsRox Mission 1931-33


  secure what in their judgment would be the best out of any situation that might arise in (American) Congress concerning the Philippine issue
• hare-Hawes-Cutting Act


  act provided for the establishment of a 10-year Commonwealth to serve as a transition government before the proclamation of independence on July 4, 1946
• Tydings-McDuffie Act


  eliminated military reservations
• The Commonwealth

  The 1935 Constitution was born, followed by the American model

  National Security and National defense

  Social Justice program

  Education

  National language

  Trade relations with the U.S

  Alien control of the economy
• Results of the American Occupation

  Progress in education

  Public health and welfare

  Trade, commerce and industry

  Transportation and communication

  Individual freedom

  Political consciousness

  Language and literature
• Commonwealth was interrupted by

  Japanese Occupation