7.6

• The Rohingya genocide is a series of ongoing persecutions by the Myanmar (formerly Burmese) government against the Muslim Rohingya people
• The genocide has consisted of two phases to date: the first occurred from October 2016 to January 2017 and the second has been occurring since August 2017
• The crisis forced over a million Rohingya to flee to other countries. Most fled to Bangladesh while others escaped to India, Thailand, Malaysia, and other parts of South and Southeast Asia
• Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein


  Served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2014 to 2018
• Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein: 'Myanmar will not allow investigators to fully assess what's happening to the Muslim Rohingya community, but the situation seems like a textbook example of ethnic cleansing'
• A study estimated in January 2018 that the military and local Rakhine Buddhists killed at least 24,000 Rohingya people and perpetrated gang rapes and other forms of sexual violence against 18,000 Rohingya Muslim women and girls; 116,000 Rohingya were beaten, and 36,000 were thrown into fires
• Aung San Suu Kyi


  The first and incumbent State Counsellor (a position equivalent to prime minister) of Myanmar
• The government of Aung San Suu Kyi swears troops are going after only "terrorist" militants and doing their best to spare civilians, but members of the ethnic group fleeing the country tell a much different story of scorched villages of mass killings
• As of Tuesday (September 2017), about 370,000 had crossed the border into Bangladesh
• The US joined those criticizing the military operation. "The massive displacement and victimization of people… shows that Burmese security forces are not protecting civilians," said White House press chief Sarah Huckabee Sanders, per the Washington Times
• Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited refugees in makeshift camps and implored Myanmar to allow them to return safely, reports the BBC
• Myanmar got an important note of support from China, which said it backed the government's moves toward "stability", per Reuters
• More than 400,000 people have signed a petition seeking to have Suu Kyi's Nobel Peace Prize withdrawn
• Global Divides


  The concept of a gap between the Global North and the Global South in terms of development and wealth

  
• Northern Hemisphere


  • Rich, Industrialized, Wealthy Nations
  • Democratic Capitalist Countries
• Southern Hemisphere


  • Developing Nations
  • Non-Democratic Countries, Failing Democracy
• The Group of Eight (G8)


  • France
  • Germany
  • Italy
  • United Kingdom
  • Japan
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Russia
• North


  • ¼ of the World
  • 95% of the North has enough food and shelter
  • 95% of the North has a functioning educational system
  • Controls four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in the world
  • 90% of the manufacturing industries are owned by and located in the North
• South


  • 3/4 of the World
  • Only 5% of the population has enough food and shelter
  • Lacks appropriate technology
  • Has no political stability
  • Economies are disarticulated
  • Foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product exports
  • Has access to one-fifth of the world income
• Starbucks and the Shanty

  Markers of global interconnectedness and global modernity, even in spaces of poverty and underdevelopment
• Major Lenses in International Relations

  • Realism
  • Liberalism
  • Constructivism
  • Marxism
• Realism

  • States are always in a state of "war" economically
  • The global community is more or less competitive
  • Each state acts in its own best interest at the expense of other states
  • No one regulates this behavior
  • International system is considered be anarchic
  • It is normal to be competitive
• Liberalism


  • States tend cooperate because anarchy exists
  • Anarchy has been overcome by legitimizing power in institutions
  • Reciprocity: we behave on the basis on how others behave towards us
  • Frequent interactions makes us interdependent to other countries
• Constructivism


  • "Anarchy is what states make of it"
  • Logic of appropriateness: States try to do the same thing
  • Reality can be changed because it is only constructed
  • Example: Global capitalism is strong because it is the global norm. However, if we decide to change it, we can change it. It is only true because we make it true.
• Marxism


  • Class struggle among states
  • States are exploited by more powerful states
  • Smaller states provides resources and man-power to the powerful countries
  • Capitalism = imperialism/colonialism
  • Related to World-Systems theory
• Globalism


  Global economic integration is not only inevitable given the rise of new technologies; it is, more importantly, a normative international goal. To not partake to globality is backward
• Civilization Discourse


  Dominant ideology of colonialism and the logic that shaped the birth of international order
• Modernization Theory


  Outlined the historical progression terms of a society's capacity to produce and consume material goods