ch5. development

• Fertilization


  The union of a sperm with an egg (ovum), which produces a zygote
• Key words related to fertilization

  • Corona radiata
  • Zone pellucida
  • Cortical granules
  • Polyspermy
  • Membrane potential change
  • Zona pellucida detachment
• Cellular or Cleavage stages


  Cell divisions without growth
• Key words related to cellular/cleavage stages

  • Zygote
  • Morula
  • Blastula
  • Blastocoel
• Gastrula stages


  Involves the process of gastrulation, which results in three germ layers
• Key words related to gastrula stages

  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
  • Archenteron
• Organ stages


  Early development of the nervous system
• Key words related to organ stages

  • Neurula
  • Notochord
  • Neural plate
  • Neural tube
  • Neural crest cells
  • Somites
• Cellular differentiation


  Formation of different tissues/organs
• Key words related to cellular differentiation

  • Differential gene expression
  • Somatic cell cloning
  • Maternal determinants
  • Cytoplasmic segregation
  • Induction
  • Inducer
  • Dorsal blastopore lip
• Morphogenesis (pattern formation)


  How tissues/organs are arranged in the body. The process that makes sure that the specialised cells go to the correct place.
• Key words related to morphogenesis

  • Morphogen
  • Maternal effect genes
  • Hox genes
  • Homeobox
  • Homeodomain
  • Homeodomain protein
  • Apoptosis
• Fertilization to birth takes ~9 months
• Phases of human embryonic and fetal development

  • Embryonic development (months 1 and 2)
  • Fetal development (month 3 to month 9)
• Organs start to develop during embryonic development and are then refined during fetal development
• Key words related to human embryonic and fetal development

  • Ovary
  • Fallopian (uterine) tube
  • HCG
  • Blastocyst
  • Trophoblast
  • Chorion
  • Yolk sac
  • Allantois
  • Amnion
  • Pharyngeal pouches
  • Lanugo
  • Vernix caseosa
  • Parturition