CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST

• A class of drugs that is also known as anticholinergic drugs.


  ANTIMUSCARINICS
• Which class of drug bind to M-receptor causing inhibition of the muscarinic functions?


  ANTIMUSCARINICS
• A general term for agents that bind to cholinoceptors and prevents the effects of Acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists.



  CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS
• What are the general effects of muscarinic blocking drugs in the CNS?

  SEDATION, ANTI-MOTION SICKNESS ACTION, ANTIPARKINSON ACTION, AMNESIA, DELIRIUM
• General effects of Muscarinic blocking drugs in the eyes?

  CYCLOPLEGIA, MYDRIASIS
• It refers to temporary paralysis of the cilliary muscle of the eye, which is responsible for the eyes ability to focus on objects at different distances


  CYCLOPLEGIA
• What are the general effects of muscarinic blocking drugs in the Bronchi?


  BRONCHODILATION
• What are the general effects of muscarinic blocking drugs in the GIT at muscarinic 1 and 3?


  RELAXATION, SLOWED PERISTALSIS, REDUCED SALIVATION
• What are the general effects of muscarinic blocking drugs in the heart?


  INITIAL BRADYCARDIA, ESPECIALLY AT LOW DOSOES, THEN TACHYCARDIA.
• What are the general effects of muscarinic blocking drugs in the Glands?


  MARKED REDUCTION OF SALIVATION, MODERATE REDUCTION OF LACRIMATION, SWEATING, REDUCTION OF GASTRIC SECRETION
• A non selective antimuscarinic alkaloid found in the plant source Atropa Belladonna


  ATROPINE
• Which drug is the prototype of nonselective antimuscarinic or nonselective muscarinic blocker?

  ATROPINE
• An agent that binds competitively and prevents acetylcholine from binding to muscarinic receptor.


  ATROPINE
• Which characteristics of the prototypical nonselective muscarinic blocker make it useful in treating CNS toxic effects of anticholinesterases?

  LIPID-SOLUBLE, READILY CROSSES BLOOD BRAIN BARRIERS
• Half life of the prototypical nonselective muscarinic blocker?

  2 HOURS
• What is the duration of action of prototypical nonselective muscarinic blocker?


  4-8 HOURS, EXCEPT WHEN PLACED TOPICALLY IN THE EYES, WHERE THE ACTION MAY LAST FOR DAYS.
• ACTION OF ATROPINE IN THE EYES?

  UNRESPONSIVENESS TO LIGHT, MYDRIASIS, CYCLOPLEGIA
• ACTION OF ATROPINE IN THE GIT?


  CONSTIPATION, REDUCED GASTRIC MOTILITY BUT HCL IS NOT AFFECTED
• ACTION OF ATROPINE IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR?

  LOW DOSES CAUSE SLIGHT DECREASE IN HEART RATE, HIGH DOSES CAUSE PROGRESSIVE INCREASE IN HEART RATE OR TACHYCARDIA
• ACTION OF ATROPINE IN THE SECRETIONS?


  XEROSTOMIA, XEROPHTHALMIA, ANHIDROSIS
• WHAT ARE THE GENERAL EFFECTS OF 0.5MG DOSE CONCENTRATION OF ATROPINE?


  SOME DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH, INHIBITION OF SWEATING, SLIGHT CARDIAC SLOWING
• WHAT IS THE GENERAL EFFECT OF 5 MG DOSE CONCENTRATION OF ATROPINE?


  TACHYCARDIA, PALPITATIONS, MARKED DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH, DILATION OF PUPIL, BLURRED VISION
• WHATARE THE GENERAL EFFECTS OF >10MG DOSE CONCENTRATION OF ATROPINE?


  HALLUCINATION, DELIRIUM, COMA
• This agent is used in the treatment of overdose of clinically used anticholinesterase such as Physostigmine.

  ATROPINE
• GIVE THE 2 AGENTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING.


  ATROPINE, PRALIDOXIME
• Agent used in the treatment of muschroom poisoning.

  ATROPINE
• WHAT ARE THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ATROPINE?

  XEROSTOMIA, BLURRED VISION, TACHYCARDIA, URINARY RETENTION, CONSTIPATION, SANDY EYES.
• Refers to condition that is characterized by gritty sensation due to decrease lacrimation or xerophthalmia

  SANDY EYES
• WHAT ARE THE CNS EFFECTS OF ATROPINE

  HALLUCINATION, DELIRIUM, CONFUSION, RESTLESSNESS
• CNS EFFECTS OF ATROPINE MAY PROGRESS TO WHAT EFFECTS?

  DEPRESSION, COLLAPSE OF CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, DEATH
• A class of drug that blocks the activity of Acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system.

  CNS ACTING ANTIMUCARINICS
• THESE AGENTS PRIMARILY TARGET THE MUSCARINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN.

  CNS ACTING ANTIMUSCARINICS
• CNS ACTING ANTIMUSCARINIC PRIMARILY TARGET THE MUSCARINIC ACETLYCHOLINE RECEPTOR PRESENT IN THE BRAIN, WHICH LEADS TO VARIOUS EFFECTS SUCH AS:

  COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, HALLUCINATION, SEDATION
• WHAT ARE THE DRUGS UNDER CNS ACTING ANTIMUSCARINICS?

  SCOPOLAMINE (TRANSDERM SCOP), BENZTROPINE (COGENTIN), TRIHEXYPHENIDYL.
• A tertiary amine alkaloid that produces peripheral effects similar to atropine but has greater action on the CNS.

  SCOPOLAMINE (TRANSDERM SCOP)
• SCOPOLAMINE IS AVAILABLE IN WHAT DOSAGE FORM?

  TRANSDERMAL PATCH OR TOPICAL PATCH
• WHAT ARE THE THERAPEUTIC USES OF TRANSDERM SCOP?

  PREVENTION OF MOTION SICKNESS, TREATMENT OF POST OPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING, CAUSES SEDATION BUT IN HIGHER DOSES CAUSES EUPHORIA
• A condition wherein there is imbalance between the concentration of neurotransmitters; hence this condition is characterized by the decrease dopamine levels and increase Acetylcholine levels.

  PARKINSON'S DISEASE
• These drugs help in rebalancing the neurotransmitter activity in the brain, leading to improved motor symptoms of parkinson's disease.

  BENZTROPINE (COGENTIN) AND TRIHEXYPHENIDYL
• GIVE THE DRUGS THAT ARE USEFUL IN ALLEVIATING TREMORS, RIGITY AND OTHER MOTOR SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE.

  BENZTROPINE (COGENTIN) AND TRIHEXYPHENIDYL