Contains teeth used for mechanical Digestion, an area where food is mixed with salivary amylase & where ingestion takes place
Salivary glands
Produce saliva, which contains amylase and helps food slide down the oesophagus
Oesophagus
Tube-shaped organ that uses peristalsis (circular muscle contract and relax) to transport food from mouth to stomach
Stomach
Has pepsin (a protease that works best in acidic conditions) to break down proteins into amino acids and kills bacteria with hydrochloric acid. They also have elastic walls.
Small intestine
Tube-shaped organ composed of two parts: Duodenum and Ileum
Duodenum
Fats: emulsified by bile
Lipase -> fatty acids and glycerol.
Amylase and trypsin break down starch and protein
Ileum
Maltase breaks down maltose to glucose. This is where absorption takes place, adapted by having villi and microvilli.
Pancreas
Produces amylase, trypsin (a protease that works best in alkaline conditions), and lipase.
Liver
Produces bile (emulsifies fats, neutralises acidic fat molecules), deamination, and makes urea to be sent to the kidney. Also, it is the site of the breakdown of alcohol and other toxins.
Gall bladder
Stores bile from the liver
Large intestine
Tube-shaped organ composed of two parts: Colon and Rectum
Colon
Organ for absorption of minerals and vitamins and reabsorbing water from waste to maintain the body's water levels
Rectum
Where faeces are temporarily stored
Anus
A ring of muscle that controls when faeces is released.
Amylase
Breaks down starch into maltose; it is produced in the pancreas (but also in the salivary gland)
Maltase
Maltose into glucose in the membrane of the epithelium lining in small intestines
Protease
Proteins into peptides (pepsin-acidic)
Amino acids (trypsin)
Lipase
Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, produced by the pancreas
Hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
Denaturing enzymes in harmful microorganisms
Giving the optimum pH for pepsin activity
Kills pathogens
Bile
An alkaline mixture that neutralises the acid mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach to provide a suitable pH for enzyme action
Small intestine
Region for absorption of digested food
Small intestine
Folded into many villi, increasing the surface area for absorption
One villus will have tiny folds on the cells on its outside called microvilli
Epithelium
One cell thick, allowing efficient diffusion of nutrients
A large surface area means more absorption of nutrients can happen
Lacteals
Absorbs fatty acid and glycerol
Capillaries
Provide a good blood supply and a steep concentration gradient
Most water is absorbed from the small intestine, and some from the colon (large intestine)
Incisors
Chisel-shaped for biting and cutting
Canines
Pointed for tearing, holding and biting
Premolars and molars
Larger, flat surfaces with ridges at the edges for chewing and grinding up food