TPSUSTAIN L2

• • TOURISM IMPACT - may be defined as an effect brought about by directly or indirectly by tourism policies, tourism-related establishments and infrastructure, and tourist behavior.
• DIMENSIONS OF TOURISM IMPACTS - Tourism impacts may be categorized in terms of their scope, the direction of change and type of impact, and the scale, distribution, and duration of the effects.
• The scope of Tourism impact may be:

  • Economic
  • Environmental 
  • Social 
  • Cultural
  • Political
• Impacts are seldom uni-dimensional - A focus on tourism may make governments overzealous in protecting nature at the expense of indigenous people, creating a conflict between environmental and cultural concerns.
• TYPE OF IMPACT IN MANY WAYS: 

  • actual (objective) 
  • perceived (subjective) 
  • quantitative 
  • qualitative 
  • direct 
  • indirect
• TOURISM IMPACTS IN TERMS OF TEMPORAL DIMENSION:

  • cumulative 
  • immediate 
  • long-term 
  • short-term
• Leiper’s Tourism Attraction System model identified these tourism impacts as: 

  1. Tourist generating region 
  2. The transit route region 
  3. Tourist destination region
•  tourism-induced impacts - may be reversible or irreversible.
• impact from tourism - may have a chain reaction or just an isolated effect.
• Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum is a measure of the level of tourism development in a country. 
• The net economic impact of tourism depends on the proportion of income that is retained in the local economy.
• • Leakage – happens when we import products or pay for expatriate managerial expertise. 
• • Social representation – refers to the way people construct knowledge about tourism and its impacts. 
• • Social representations theory – holds that “where there is limited knowledge of tourism, a destination community must either develop its own social representation of tourism or adopt an existing one.”
• • Environmental discrimination – is the result of, and process by which, environmental policies create intended or unintended consequences, especially those which have disproportionate impacts on individuals, populations, or communities, minority populations or races, women and lower-income groups. 
• • Environmental racism – any policy, practice, or directive that differentially affects or disadvantages (whether intend or unintended) individuals, groups, or communities based on race or color.
• TOURISM POLICY - as embodied in republic acts, presidential decrees, or local ordinances. 
• Tourism Policy - It defines the country’s prioritization of tourism in relation to overall development strategy and spells out the objects of tourism development and the key strategies for attaining them.
• • Tourism density – refers to the number of tourists at a given time in relation to the area of the destination. 
• • Tourism ratio – refers to the volume of tourists in relation to the local population.
• • The tourist markets served determine the kind of impacts that are exerted on the host destination as well as those experience by the tourists themselves. 
• The Canadian Tourism Commission categorizes people by their explorer quotient (EQ).
• Explorer Quotient breaks down markets into nine psychographic group called explorer types 
• explorer types - nine psychographic group