Science pt1

• Being innovative, changing with right knowledge
• Rational


  (in classical economic theory) economic agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
• Producers act rationally by

  Selling goods/services in a way that maximises their profits
• Workers act rationally by


  Balancing welfare at work with consideration of both pay and benefits
• Governments act rationally by


  Placing the interests of the people they serve first in order to maximise their welfare
• Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally
• Marginal utility


  The additional utility (satisfaction) gained from the consumption of an additional product
• If you add up marginal utility for each unit you get total utility
• The past two decades have been significant in the world history due to changes that took place in technology
• The present students face a lot of new challenges along with the rapid development of Information Technology, communication and other related fields
• The manner of career opportunities are liable to change specifically in the near future
• In such an environment, with a new technological and intellectual society, thousands of innovative career opportunities would be created
• To win those challenges, it is the responsibility of the Sri Lankan government and myself, as the Minister of Education, to empower you all
• This book is a product of free education
• Your aim must be to use this book properly and acquire the necessary knowledge out of it
• The government in turn is able to provide free textbooks to you, as a result of the commitment and labour of your parents and elders
• Since we have understood that the education is crucial in deciding the future of a country, the government has taken steps to change curriculum to suit the rapid changes of the technological world
• Hence, you have to dedicate yourselves to become productive citizens
• The knowledge this book provides will suffice your aim
• It is your duty to give a proper value to the money spent by the government on your education
• Education determines your future
• Make sure that you reach the optimum social stratum through education
• You should make the maximum use of these textbooks and protect them well
• This textbook would assist you to obtain the expertise to become a virtuous citizen with a complete personality who would be a valuable asset to the country
• The educational objectives of the contemporary world are becoming more complex along with the economic, social, cultural and technological development
• The learning and teaching process too is changing in relation to human experiences, technological differences, research and new indices
• It is required to produce the textbook by including subject related information according to the objectives in the syllabus in order to maintain the teaching process by organizing learning experiences that suit to the learner needs
• The textbook is not merely a learning tool for the learner. It is a blessing that contributes to obtain a higher education along with a development of conduct and attitudes, to develop values and to obtain learning experiences
• The subject of science directs the student towards a more active learning process in a manner as to develop knowledge, skills and attitudes needed for a developmental scientific thought
• Each chapter is compiled based on the three main subject areas that comprise the Science subject; Biology, Chemistry and Physics
• Pictures, charts, graphs, activities and assignments are included to enable the easy understanding of the related concepts of the subject
• At the end of each chapter, a summary was included and it provides the opportunity to identify the basic concepts of each chapter and to revise the subject matter
• Furthermore, there is a series of exercises at the end of each chapter. It will contribute to measure the expected learning outcomes through a self evaluation
• Activities, self evaluative questions, solved examples, assignments and exercises are planned in a manner as to develop the higher order skills such as It enables the students to develop knowledge as well as the higher order skills such as comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation
• For the purpose of directing the student to study further about the subject matter, more information is included in the "For extra knowledge"
• Some of the activities mentioned in the textbook could be performed at home and some of them should be performed in the science laboratory of the school
• Activity based learning helps to create a liking towards learning science in the students and it will easily establish the concepts
• Main elements in the human body

  • Oxygen
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
• There are only about 25 elements in the living body out of the 92 elements present in nature
• Other essential elements for the survival of organisms

  • Sulphur
  • Phosphorous
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Iron
  • Chlorine