Geog chapter 2

• Why are there seasons?

  1. June: Northern hemisphere tilt towards the Sun, receives more sunlight, higher temp summer

  2. December: NH tilts away from the sun, receives less sunlight, lower temp winter

  3. Southern hemisphere tilts away from the sun, receives less sunlight, lower temp winter

  4. Southern hemisphere tilts towards the sun, receives more sunlight, higher temp Summer
• Renewable sources


  Materials that are replenished naturally more or less within the same time period they are used, availability of it is unlimited
• Renewable sources


  • water
  • solar energy
  • wind energy
• Nature-centered views


  • Everything naturally found in physical environment such as plants and animals are as important as humans
  • Physical environment should be preserved, meaning it should be protected and retained in its original state as far as possible
• Sustainable use of natural resources

  If we are using natural resources at a much faster rate today, renewable sources can become non-renewable, availability changes from limited to unlimited, future generations cannot make use of them, have to seek for alternative resources
• Non-renewable sources


  Materials that may or may not be replenished naturally, if they are replenished, the natural processes occur very slowly and takes a long time that it is beyond the period used, availability is limited
• Non-renewable sources


  • crude oil
  • coal
• Human-centered views


  • Some people find ways to extract these natural resources to enhance their personal well-being or to sell them in exchange of money
  • This can negatively impact the availability of resources and physical environment if extraction occurs at a faster rate than natural renewable, availability of natural resources would be depleted
  • Deforestation → no more habitats, animals may become extinct → soil erosion harm aquatic life
• How to use natural resources Sustainably

  1. Reuse

  2. Reduce

  3. Recycle
• Water Catchment area


  An area where water is collected by the natural landscape
• Water budget


  The balance between water inputs and outputs in a catchment area
• INPUTS


  • Precipitation
• If IN (inputs) is more than OUT (outputs)


  There is a surplus
• If OUT (outputs) is more than IN (inputs)


  There is a deficit
• OUTPUTS


  • Humans use water
  • Evaporation
  • Transpiration
  • Surface runoff
• Surface runoff is an output because if water is left on the land, it is not in the catchment area and hence cannot be readily accessed
• Hydrological cycle


  1. Evapotranspiration

  2. Water vapour rises

  3. Condensation in the air, cools and condenses to form clouds

  4. Precipitation

  5. Surface run-off

  6. Infiltration

  7. Evaporation

  8. Ground water flow
• Water lost from the leaves of the plant become transpiration
• When clouds get too heavy, they fall on earth as rain, snow or hail
• Heat from the sun changes water into water vapour
• Water seeps into the soil and becomes ground water