modern warfare

• What is a civilian?


  A person not an armed services or police force
• What is a conscientious objector?

  A person who refuses to join the armed forces, because they think that it's morally wrong to do so
• What is economic costs?


  The amount of money spent carrying out the action
• What is a holy war?

  A religious war
• What is just war

  The idea that war in certain circumstances, is justifiable, only when needed must meet certain criteria
• What is nuclear deterrence?

  The military doctrine that an enemy will be deterred for using nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence
• What is pacifism?


  The belief that war and violence are unjustifiable, and all distributes should be settled by peaceful means
• What is a pacifist


  A person who believes the war and violence is unjustifiable.

  Should be settled in a peaceful way
• What is holy Wars more explanation?(why their fought and examples)

  This is called by religious leader or authority, for example, God, in the old Testament, pope in urban to launch the crusades

  
  

  It's fought achieve our religious goals/expected to give a spiritual award for those who take part

  
  

  An example from AD1095 until A.D.1291, there was a series of Christian holy wars called the crusades the aim of these wars was to capture of the Christian sacred places in the holy land from the Muslims who live there
• What is a Civil War?

  An armed conflict between different groups within the same country

  
  

  An example is a civil war between Shia muslims and Sunni, Muslims in Syria, since 2011

  
  

  A war inside its own country
• What is terrorism?


  This is the type of armed conflict where violence and intimidation are used, illegally to persuade of political or ideological idea. This is typically against common people.
• What are the causes of war? 8

  Disagreement on rights/politics

  
  

  Because of disagreements on money/leadership/gain respect

  
  

  Fought to gain freedom from an occupying force

  
  

  Response to an attack - defensive

  
  

  To defend freedom, religion, or lifestyle

  
  

  War is fought to defend an ally

  
  

  War is fought to get rid of a dictator or to convert to a different religion

  
  

  War is fought to stop injustice
• What are some examples of wars?


  War fought to get rid of a dictator, e.g. Nazi Germany in the 1940s

  
  

  A civil war between Shia Muslims and Sunni Muslims in Syria since 2011

  
  

  Russia and Ukraine 2022
• What does the Bible say about war?

  Ecclesiastes 3:1 to 8

  "There is a time for war and time for peace "

  Where is inevitable, there will always be a time when it happens

  
  

  Matthew 24:6to 8

  " such things must happen, " "nation will rise against nation and kind of against kingdom, "

  You should not be shocked when you hear about war, it's inevitable will happen and war will end

  
  

  Revelations, 19: 11

  "With justice, he judges, and wages war "

  This is saying that God is in control over war, he calls people to war when necessary

  
  

  Numbers, 14:11

  "Because you have turned away from the Lord, he will not be with you, and you will fall by the sword, "

  It's only right to go to war when it's in the will of God
• What is Christian teaching?

  Quotes from the bible, quotes from churches, quotes from people
• What is the just war theory?

  Mainly a Christian theory which begins with the belief of taking human life is wrong, however countries do have a duty to protect and defend their citizens - in extreme cases this means be willing to use force
• What is just cause?

  War should be fought, only for a cause, that's morally justified

  Before war, a state must prove that it's just for example

  -in self defence against attack

  -to defend innocent/help neighbour that has been attacked

  -to prevent an anticipated attack from a potential enemy
• What is the criteria for a just war?

  Thomas Aquinas made the conditions to make sure that it's acceptable to fight in the war These are:

  
  

  1. War must be a last resort, other attempts to settle the problem should be tried

  2. war must be lawfully declared by a government or state, not an ordinary person

  3. there must be a cause and proper intention such as keeping peace or defending state

  4. there must be a reasonable chance for success

  5. The good gained by winning, the war must be greater than the evil cause by fighting it

  6. there must be proportionality - appropriate force must be used

  7. innocent civilians should not be killed

  8. peace must be restored at the end of war
• Is the just war theory still relevant today?

  Theory Outdated. 5


  -they were made in the 13th century

  
  

  -Modern war is complicated. It's too simplistic

  
  

  - no one can know the outside of work if there is a reasonable chance of success or if good gained by war will be greater than, the evil caused by fighting it

  
  

  - modern Technology, like a WMDs could never be justified it's impossible to ensure proportionality

  
  

  - sometimes there is no time to try peaceful methods first leaving more as a last resort
• Is the just war theory still relevant today?

  Theory relevant 5


  - The idea that taking human life is wrong, but that countries have a duty to protect their citizens still applies today

  
  

  - it's believed that it's right to go to war If this causes just

  
  

  - war should be declared by government, not a terrorist or dictator is still relevant

  
  

  - that war should be a last resort all negotiations and sanctions being tried first

  
  

  - the conditions that innocent civilians must not be targeted and peace should be restored at the end is all still relevant today

  
  

  
  

  
  

  Example of innocence of civilians being killed will be 911
• What are weapons of mass destruction?

  These weapons have the potential to destroy the existence of human life. The first weapons of mass destruction were gas attacks, launched by the British Army from trenches, the different types of weapons of mass destruction, are chemical, biological and nuclear.
• What does the church think about weapons of mass destruction?

  CATHOLIC-"Any act of war aimed at indiscriminately at the destruction of entire cities, or in extensive areas, along with their population is a crime against God and man himself. "

  
  

  CHURCH OF ENGLAND-"The use of nuclear weapons cannot be justified, "they believe that they are inconsistent with the idea of a just war
• What are chemical weapons? - WMD?

  They were first developed during World War I by British and Germans. It may affect the victim in many ways for example, burnt skin/cause choking, violent skin irritation and blistering or attack The nervous system/impact them psychologically.

  
  

  Chemical weapons could wipe out an entire nation and cause destruction to environments, for example, gases and agents mustard gas and tear gas. Weapons are used to target individuals.
• Some examples of chemical weapons being used

  Some examples are:

  -in Salisbury and 2018, former Russian spy on his daughter, were poisoned by novichok nerve agent in liquid form.

  -They were banned through Geneva protocol in 1925. Most countries signed a treaty, but some didn't I continue to develop them for a conflict.

  -there are concerns that chemical weapons were used against innocent civilians in Syria and 2017. The USA fired dozens of missiles in retaliation for chemical weapons attack.
• What are biological weapons WMD

  These weapons can spread diseases, such as anthrax and smallpox. These can cause sickness or deaths to humans and animals, destroying crops contaminating water supplies.
• Some examples of biological weapons being used

  These weapons are extremely dangerous for example in 1979. The reason I break a ventilation anthrax in a city in Russia, which resulted in an accident at biological warfare facility. It resulted in 1000 deaths.

  
  

  This is least commonly used.

  
  

  Biological weapons are a spread of sickness
• What are Nuclear weapons, WMD?

  There are approximately nine countries in the world who own these, which are Britain, US, France, North Korea, Pakistan and China

  
  

  The consequences of using nuclear happens and weapons can be catastrophic
• What are examples of a nuclear weapons were used

  In August 1945 whenever the US attacked Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan with nuclear bombs killing around, 150,000 most died because of the radiation in the aftermath of the attack.

  
  

  The radioactive fallout was a problem for 20 years after the attack - leukaemia, thyroid breast lung and other cancers among survivors. There was a higher rate of miscarriages among women.

  
  

  Since 1945, there has not been an attack, but nuclear weapons are at least 20 times more powerful than that time in Japan.
• What is nuclear deterrence?

  This is the military doctrine that an enemy will be deterred - put off - from using nuclear weapons if they could be destroyed as a consequence

  
  

  Nuclear deterrence is to prevent war. One country should not risk being destroyed as retaliation for attacking an enemy.

  
  

  Some countries feel that having nuclear weapons means the countries would be scared to wage in a war against them - sense of security - used to defend their country.Some countries don't intend to use them, but just knowing that they have them. Stockpiled provides a sense of security.

  
  

  The UK became a nuclear power in 1952 during the Cold War both USA and USSR. Threatened to use their WMD, but knew ifone used them. The other would too and both superpowers would be destroyed.
• What is nuclear disarmament?

  This is trying to reduce or abolish the increase of nuclear weapons - proliferation.

  
  

  During the 1960s and 1970s attempts were made to reduce the number of weapons owned by superpowers and prevent nuclear proliferation. In 1968, 187 countries signed up to the non-proliferation treaty - includes USA USSR, China, France and the UK they're allowed to keep weapons but not give them to other states. Also asked nuclear states to begin disarmament of nuclear weapons
• What is the non-proliferation Treaty?

  However, some countries have started to develop nuclear weapons in 2009 steps were taken to try and receive the non-proliferation Treaty, a set up in the following goals

  
  

  -disarmament of countries, currently in possession of nuclear weapons

  -nonproliferation countries, not yet in possession

  -peaceful use of nuclear energy for all

  
  

  In 2010 the states agreed to work towards the treaty in an effort to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. They agreed to meet every five years and work towards the final document. However, in 2015 they met, but they couldn't come to an agreement.
• What are the arguments for nuclear weapons?

  - Nuclear weapons are a deterrent for war

  - people feel safer in our country. If they have nuclear happens

  - it's immoral for a country to protect their citizens by whatever means possible - there has been no use of nuclear happened since 1945

  - if a country can afford it they should protect their citizens by having nuclear weapons.
• What are the arguments against nuclear weapons?

  -Regular weapons are unreliable way for A state to protect itself. For example Britain's nuclear weapons did not stop Argentina in the Falkland Islands in 1982

  
  

  - nuclear weapons lead to people living in fear. The Cold War was a time of heightened tension. It was not a peaceful time

  
  

  - nuclear weapons are immoral, no religion supports their existence

  
  

  - proliferation means there is more chance nuclear weapons will be used

  
  

  -nuclear weapons cost too much money which could be spent on healthcare education, et cetera
• What is church teaching on nuclear deterrence?

  ALL CHURCHES ARE AGAINST NW

  
  

  Baptist Church- "All nations to abolish nuclear weapons, ""dispose of such weapons... Is not harmful. "

  
  

  Catholic Church - "the piece of sort has let you know amounts of money being Allocated of nuclear weapons. " " The continuation of the nuclear deterrence, since it is evident is driving the development of ever newer nuclear arms... "

  
  

  Anglican church - "nuclear abolition is the democratic wish,"

  
  

  Methodist church- "A clear on conditional no to nuclear war and use of nuclear weapons. " "that cannot receive the church's blessing."
• What are the four factors of economic cost of war?

  Unemployment, rising inflation, decline in tourism, increased national debt
• Explain, economic cost of war

  Unemployment - destruction of infrastructure and buildings caused this to rise, small, businesses, struggle, no benefits, available - more poverty - returning soldiers with injuries, face, limited job opportunities

  
  

  Rise in inflation - drops in value of savings/investments, prices rise, reduction, and standard of living, syric price of rice rose by 723% ,poverty increases

  
  

  Decline in tourism - major economic blows to a country, Sharm, El sheikh in Egypt, lost tourism after bombing of Russian passenger plane

  
  

  Increased national debt - governments borrowed more money during the war to finance the military, rise in public debt/tax, national debt in UK rose sharply between the two world wars
• What were the human costs of war main?

  Asylum seekers, and refugees, child soldiers, Military, civilians
• The human cost of war explanation

  Asylum seekers and refugees - refugees are protected by international law, and must not be turned away, unaccompanied children are particularly vulnerable, some never survive the journey, from January-March 2017, some 593 refugees were feared drowned, trying to escape Europe by the sea

  
  

  Child soldiers - international law states the recruitment of children under 15 is a war crime, however thousands are used. Often children do not understand or are manipulated, children, living in poverty are almost likely to become child soldiers. They were separated from their family and forced to join and cannot leave. Sometimes they are sent to the front line or midfields first before the trained soldiers.

  
  

  Civilians - approximately 210,000 civilians have died as a result of wars in Iraq. Civilians are often caught in crossfire, step on mine or get bombed. Many civilians survive, but are maimed.

  
  

  Military - the USA lost over 6800 American service members in Iraq. The UK lost 179 servicemembers during the campaign that followed Iraq in 2003
• Info, about child soldiers

  There is a major concern in modern warfare. Young children or abducted from the country and their parents and are forced to fight and follow orders or they will be killed. Child soldiers will have to perform and variety of different tasks which may be cooking, laying explosives spying on enemies.

  
  

  that are around 350,000 fighting in the world today they have to act as a human shield, laying explosives on spying on enemy. They are commonly subject to abuse and the most witness, death, killing and sexual violence.
• what are refugees from war-torn country?

  Refugees are people who are forced to leave their homes in order to feel SAFE. they don't have money to come to a developed country. War torn refugees live apart with many loosing family on the way. They don't have hardly any possessions, so they live in cramped and disease ridden camps. Some refugees make it to a developed country seeking better opportunities for life.Some may become a victim of human trafficking, as others might try to take advantage of these people as they seek a war free life, for example, Syrian refugee crisis.