prelim - midterm molbio

• Prophase I

  A stage in meiosis

  where the chromosomes condense. Homologous chromosomes pair w/ each other.
• Active transport

  A protein carrie

  B. Moves a molecule against its concentration gradient

  C. requires a supply of energy.
• Metaphase

  Chromosomes are pulled to center of cell
• Frameshift mutation

  Deletion and insertion are two examples of
• Telophase II

  Four haploid daughter cells results from one original diploid cell.
• How does mutation become an advantage or helpful?

  A source of genetic variation that helps the specie to survive
• In DNA replication, DNA unwinds" to form two template strands the leading strand and the lagging strand.

  The leading strand of DNA is synthesized continuously.
• Cell membrane

  It encloses cell organelles made of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components
• Cell membrane

  has integral proteins thatt interact with "lipid bilayer".

  Has passive transport

  pores and channels

  and Active transport pumps and carriers

  and membrane linked

  enzymes receptors and

  transducer
• Gene

  It is a segment of DNA

  that codes for a trait
• Crossing over


  Important event of genetic exchange in chromosomes
• Cell


  smallest entity that has the capacity to perform all of life's function
• Ribosomes

  It is where the amino acids are assembled into

  polypeptide chains
• Meiosis

  it makes possible the

  transmission of genetic

  material er characteristics

  from parents te offspring
• Golgi apparatus

  It processes, concentrates,

  sorts and packages the proteins that it receives from the rER
• Intracellular digestion

  Lysosomes function in;
• Proteins


  diverse and complex macromolecules in the cell
• the lagging strand

  okazaki fragments occur with replicating:
• Original DNA Strand: CGT

  ACT CGC GAT CGA TCG

  ATC GCT GCA GAC Give

  the complementary strand:

  GCA TGA GCG CTA GCT AGC TAG CGA CGT CTG
• DNA replication

  The copying process in which a single DNA molecule become 2 identical molecules.
• RNA transcription


  The process of making an rna strand from a dna template
• Anaphase


  the stage in mitosis where centromere divide and spindle fibers pull one set of chromosomes to each other
• Prophase


  stage of mitosis where microsomes condensed
• Okazaki fragments


  shorter fragments of nucleotide that will be used to synthesize proteins
• Exons


  shorter sequences of nucleotides present in pre-mRNA that will be used to synthesize proteins
• Microvilli, Flagella, Cilia


  They are specialized structure on the apical surface of epithelial cells
• DNA polymerase


  this enzyme is responsible for the continuation of the copying of dna strand
• Helicase


  this enzyme unzipped the DNA helix forming a replication fork
• Germ-line mutation

  This kind of mutation occurs in celis producing gametes. Mutation is passed to half of the offspring
• Nonsense mutation

  This type of mutation occurs when the altered DNA sequence signals: the cell to stop building
• Function of the cell


  variations in the cell are largely dictated by;
• Golgi apparatus


  vesicles from smooth er most likely are on their way to
• S phase


  when does dna replication occur during the cycle?
• transition based substitution


  guanine is replaced with adenine
• transversion subsitution


  cytosine is replaced by guanine
• essential for RNA:

  • 20 amino acids & ribosomes

  • mRNA

  • ERNA
• 20 mL

  Biopsin whole blood genomic dna extraction (elution buffer)
• 1


  handbook
• 20.0 mL


  lysis b
• 100


  spin column