maintaining life

• root hair cells are found on the roots of plants and have a large surface area to absorb water and minerals
• they have a large vacuole tor store water
• minerals like magnesium and nitrate are transported with the water by the xylem vessels
• xylem vessels are located in the centre of the roots
• xylems are long and tube like and they are dead cells
• transpiration happens when plant cells have extra water after that they need to release
• water movement in the leaf

  water comes from the xylem, into plant cells , through an air space and out the stomata
• a lot of water in the leaf is usually changed from liquid to gas
• transpiration: evaporation of water from the plant is called transpiration
• excretion is getting rid of waste materials. all living animals excrete
• feces is not considered excretion

  its not a product of metabolism
• urea

  its when extra protein in transported by blood and is turned into urea
• kidney filters the blood from wastes such as urea and is turned into urine
• ureter transport the urine to the bladder
• the bladder holds in the the urine
• urethra lets out the urine
• filtration of blood is done by the kidneys
• health pregnancy

  eating vitamins and minerals, carbs and protein
• non healthy pregnancy

  intake of drugs , cigars and alchol
• the fetus relies on the mother for everything it needs and the substances it needs to excrete
• the substance the fetus needs is brought by the mothers blood and the substance the fetus needs to excrete diffuses into the mothers blood but the mothers blood and the baby's blood don't mix because of the 'umbilical cord'. the transfer happens in the 'placenta'
• protein is needed for the fetus to produce new cells and muscles for the mother and for extra haemoglobin for the fetus
• carbs are needed for energy
• vitamins and minerals: iron for hemoglobin and calcium for strong bones and teeth
• vitamin A for vision and for white cells to fight off pathogens
• vitamin D for teeth and bones
• vitamin C fir strong skin
• smoking


  smoking is bad because it contains tar, carbon monoxide and nicotine.
• Caron monoxide reduce oxygen to the lungs and haemoglobin therefore the baby is birthed small
• plants need water for support, transport, cooling and photosynthesis
• as temperature increases the rate of trsansport of water increases
• covering up the soil and pot of a plant with plastic can retain moisture and stop water loss
• ureter transports the urine to the bladder
• urethra lets out the urine
• bladder holds in the urine
• urine is urea dissolved in water