Geography urban issues and challenges

• urbanisation 


  The process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population live in towns and cities (urban areas).
• Brownfield land


  land that has been previously built on
• dereliction


  where buildings are left unused or unoccupied
• ethnic minorities


  group of people that make up small portion of total population
• greenfield land


  land that has not been used before. left naturally or farmed on
• hate crime


  crime and vandalism motivated by a persons religion or ethnicity
• informal work


  self employed or temporary work that provides a small wage and limited health regulations
• integrated transport


  a system that links different types of transport to give commuters access to the whole city
• international migration


  the movement of people between countries for work or long term residence
• LIC


  low wealth and limited level od development
• NEE


  sufficient wealth and improving levels of development
• megacity


  population more than 10 million
• multicultural city


  shares and encourages many different cultures, apart from the places culture
• net migration


  total no. of people entering - total no. of people leaving
• population density


  amount of people per square area of land. measure of how spread out or squashed together a country is
• pull factors


  reasons why a person is attracted to a city
• push factors


  reasons why a person may feel they need to leave a rural are
• quality of life


  environment and community a person is part of, as well as their health and access to essentials
• regeneration


  a city tries to change its appearance or reputation through new building constructions
• remittance


  family member in a different country sending money back to their country of origin
• respiratory conditions


  illnesses affecting breathing eg lung cancer or asthma
• rural - urban migration


  individuals move home from a rural area to an urban city, to be with family or for work
• scholarships


  paid places in schools or businesses for people in low income countries
• segregation


  exclusion and isolation of a certain group of people
• skilled migrants


  migrants who have trained for a particular profession eg teachers and doctors
• social inequality


  difference in QOL between highest income family and lowest
• sustainability


  city with minimal environmental damage and social inequality, whilst conserving resources for future
• squatter settlements


  clusters of temporary housing which migrants or low income families live in , often on unfavourable land
• unskilled migrants


  migrants who havent been trained or educated for a high skill profession eg shop worker or farmer
• urban greening


  growing more vegetation and trees in the centre of a city eg plants on rooftops or mini allotments in pavements
• urban sprawl


  process of a city growing and spreading out, taking over surrounding greenfield land
• HIC


  approx 80 countries classified by the world bank as having high average annual incomes of 12,659 dollars per person
• reasons for high rates of urbanisation

  most people live still live in rural areas

  population of cities is younger so rate of natural increase is high
• examples of push factors

  poor crop yield

  lack of access to educational facilities

  high unemployment rate

  lack of land owndership
• pull factor examples


  better job opportunities

  access to healthcare facilities

  higher wages
• natural increase


  birth rate - death rate of a population
• where is Lagos located?

  Nigeria, West africa

  6 degrees north of equator

  near south atlantic ocean and borders Niger and Cameroon

  SW Nigeria and has coastline on Gulf of guinea

  surrounded by Ibadan and Benin city
• examples of regional importance of Lagos


  good roads keep lagos well connected to other towns which helps trade
• examples of national importance of Lagos

  largest city in nigeria

  Nigeria's centre of trade and commerce

  Large migrant population increases cultural diversity

  home to 80% of Nigeria's industry

  contributes to 30% of Nigeria's GDP
• examples of lagos international importance


  main financial centre for whole of west africa. All banks have headquarters there

  large port and international airport