Education 10 markers

• 2022 - Applying material from Item A, analyse two ways in which relationships and processes within schools may lead to anti-school subcultures. (10 marks)

  
  

  'Teachers may label and treat some groups of pupils differently from others'

  AO2: School environment - Teachers tend to be stricter towards boys than they are to girls

  
  

  Link to Q: Boys, being labelled negatively, develop anti-school values so join anti-school subcultures

  
  

  Ev: Willis' 'Lads' study - not all joined anti-school subcultures
• 2022 - Applying material from Item A, analyse two ways in which relationships and processes within schools may lead to anti-school subcultures. (10 marks)

  
  

  'Schools and staff will have views about appropriate pupil behaviour and attitudes to school'

  AO2: Jasper - White female teachers disapprove of the behaviour of black boys so are stricter towards them e.g. the clothes they wear, language they use (clash between habitus)

  
  

  Link to Q: Anti-school subcultures formed as a response to alienation

  
  

  Ev: Fuller's study - Black girls responded to negative labels with a positive attitude to academic success
• 2021 - Applying material from Item A, analyse two ways in which teaching and learning in schools may affect the educational experiences of minority ethnic groups. (10 marks)

  
  

  'the curriculum taught in schools today prioritises some cultures over others'

  AO2: Coard - ethnocentric curriculum created disengagement

  Troyna and Williams - lack of Asian languages

  
  

  Link to Q: The lack of interest in an unrelatable curriculum means that students lack motivation to study, causing them to fall behind academically

  
  

  Ev: Deterministic to assume that all ME will disengage
• 2021 - Applying material from Item A, analyse two ways in which teaching and learning in schools may affect the educational experiences of minority ethnic groups. (10 marks)

  
  

  'teacher expectations can be based on stereotypes'

  AO2: Racialised expectations (Jasper) - white teachers assume black students to be disruptive, affecting how they teach and discipline them

  
  

  Link to Q: Students conform to their expectations (self-fulfilling prophecy) and may join anti-school subcultures

  
  

  Ev: Not all students develop anti-school sentiment, with many fighting against these stereotypical expectations (Fuller's study of black girls)
• 2020 - Applying material from Item A, analyse two ways in which marketisation policies have led to schools being run like businesses. (10 marks)

  
  

  'Businesses compete with each other to attract customers'

  AO2: Education Reform Act (1988) - League tables and formula funding

  Increased parental choice (parentocracy and open enrolment)

  
  

  Link to Q: Competition drives schools to improve programs and facilities, and invest in marketing strategies to attract students

  
  

  Ev: Cream-skimming
• 2020 - Applying material from Item A, analyse two ways in which marketisation policies have led to schools being run like businesses. (10 marks)

  
  

  Businesses 'provide unique products for their customers'

  AO2: Specialist schools (e.g. STEM, sports, arts)

  Gifted and Talented schemes

  
  

  Link to Q: Non-traditional appeal can be beneficial to schools who want to be seen as innovative, increasing their demand

  
  

  Ev: N/A
• 2019 - Applying material from Item A, analyse two ways in which processes within schools may affect pupils' identities. (10 marks)

  
  

  'The curriculum may place higher value on middle-class cultural capital'

  N/A
• 2019 - Applying material from Item A, analyse two ways in which processes within schools may affect pupils' identities. (10 marks)

  
  

  'teacher-pupil relationships and interactions within peer groups'

  N/A
• 2018 - Applying material from Item A, analyse two ways in which the education system might serve the needs of capitalism. (10 marks)

  
  

  'each new generation of workers is forced to undertake low-paid, alienating work to survive'

  AO2: Role allocation (Davis & Moore) - shifting and sorting the W/C pupils into the positions they will take in life; taught W/C skills for W/C jobs whilst M/C have connections

  
  

  Link to Q: Serves the needs of capitalism because it keeps the proletariat at the bottom and prevents them from reaching the heights of the ruling class

  
  

  Ev: N/A so far
• 2018 - Applying material from Item A, analyse two ways in which the education system might serve the needs of capitalism. (10 marks)

  
  

  'the proletariat not seeking to overthrow this unequal system'

  AO2: Hidden curriculum teaches M/C values e.g. hierarchy and obedience

  The education system acts as an ideological state apparatus

  
  

  Link to Q: The ruling classes cannot be challenged because the W/C doesn't have the means to do so

  
  

  Ev: N/A so far
• 2017 - Applying material from Item A, analyse two effects of increased parental choice on pupils' experience of education. (10 marks)

  
  

  'wider range of school types'

  N/A
• 2017 - Applying material from Item A, analyse two effects of increased parental choice on pupils' experience of education. (10 marks)

  
  

  'league tables on school performance are also publicly available'

  N/A
• Applying material from Item A, analyse two reasons why girls' educational achievement has improved. (10 marks)

  
  

  'girls outperform boys, particularly in subjects such as English'

  N/A
• Applying material from Item A, analyse two reasons why girls' educational achievement has improved. (10 marks)

  
  

  'social and economic changes in wider society and processes within the school'

  N/A