Models of Global English

• Schneider's dynamic model 


  considers how a new variety of English develops
• The dynamic model: 


  1. foundation 2. exonormative stabilization 3. nativisation 4. endonormative stabilization 5. differentiation
• what happens in the exonormative stabilization phase of the dynamic model?

  The politically dominant country determines the linguistic behavior; English is established as the language of the law, administration and education
• what happens in the foundation stage of the dynamic model?

  Bilingualism is slow to spread, some lexical borrowings to aid simple communication
• what happens in the nativisation stage of the dynamic model?

  as settlers establish themselves in their new environment, inter-ethnic contact increases new varieties of English
• what happens at the endonormative stabilization stage of the dynamic model?

  the new linguistic and local norms are developed into society. these forms are reflected in literary representations, illustrating prestige.
• what happens in the differentiation stage of the dynamic model?

  Group specific varieties emerge leading to internal differences
• Kachru:

  Centric circles of English model (1985)

  coined the term 'World English'
• Kachru's model:


  inner = English as the native language

  outer = not native tongue but lingua france, usually countries who were colonised

  expanding = English is used as the medium of international communication
• McArthur's circle of Englishes:

  Attempt to avoid the criticisms the centric circle models recieved, McArthur (1998) presented a different view and grouped the Englishes regionally.
• McArthurs circle of global englishes

  East Asian

  Australian, New Zealand and south pacific

  British and Irish

  American

  Canadian

  Caribbean

  West, East and South Africa

  South Asia
• Modiano's model of English as an international language

  EIL - the common core

  Outside - British english, Major varieties (AUS, NZ, CAN, SA), American, foreign language speakers, other