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• Colic is a paroxysmal abdominal pain that generally occurs in infants under 3 months of age
• Colic (traditionally identified using the "Rule of Three")


  Inconsolable crying that lasts more than three hours a day and occurs more than three days a week for at least three weeks
• Colic often occurs late in the day, around the same time - some doctors call it "the witching hour"
• Cause of colic


  May occur as a result of overfeeding, swallowing too much air while feeding, or a formula too high in carbohydrate
• Formula-fed infants are more likely to have colic than breastfed infants
• Infants with colic have vigorous sucking then stop when another wave of intestinal pain occurs
• Bowel movements are normal in infants with colic
• Infants with colic still thrive
• Colic interferes with parental sleeping and may interfere with the formation of the parent-child relationship
• Colic usually disappears at 3 months when digestion becomes easier, and the child can maintain a more upright position, allowing less gas to form
• Crying related to colic

  • The crying episode begins suddenly and often occurs in the evening hours
  • Colic episodes are more intense, louder, and higher pitched than "normal" crying
  • Infants with colic may sound as if they are in pain or are screaming
• Physical symptoms of increased muscle tones in babies with colic

  • The baby's face is red, and the skin around the mouth is pale
  • The belly is bulging and hard
  • The legs are drawn into the belly, and the feet are cold
  • The fingers are clenched shut
  • The arms are stiff, tight, and straight
  • The back is arched
• Infants with colic are difficult or impossible to soothe, no matter what the parents do
• Crying may end after the infant passes gas or a bowel movement
• Manageable causes of crying

  • Hunger
  • Pain (illness, physical injury, tight clothing, hair tourniquet)
  • Fatigue or overstimulation
  • Food sensitivities
• Dietary changes


  Have little effect, although there is some evidence using hydrolyzed protein, probiotics or prebiotics, or a soy-based formula for bottle-fed babies may be helpful

  
• The use of hot water bottle and placing on their infant's stomach for comfort is discouraged
• Use of herbs or home remedies such as star anise, chiropractic and acupressure must be checked first with their physician
• Nursing implications


  • Support the parents in all the efforts they make and let them know it is all right to let the infant cry for short intervals
  • Treat colic as a family problem or a vicious cycle may gradually begin
• Shaken baby syndrome - injuries suffered by infants who are violently shaken, often by a parent or other adult who has become overwhelmed by excessive crying
• Infants do not have sufficient strength in their neck to limit head movement and shaking
• As the head moves backwards and forwards, the brain hits the inside of the skull, causing serious damage and even death
• BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING: CARE OF MOTHER AND CHILD AT RISK OR WITH PROBLEMS (ACUTE AND CHRONIC)
• COURSE MODULE COURSE UNIT WEEK 1 5 5
• General and Specific Problems in Reproduction and Sexuality
• Adele Pilliteri, JoAnne Silbert-Flagg. (2018). Maternal and Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family. (8th Ed.)
• Burney, R. O., Schust, D. J., & Yao, M. W. M. (2007). Infertility. In J. S. Berek (Ed.). Berek & Novak's gynecology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
• Subfertility


  When a pregnancy has not occurred after at least 1 year of engaging in unprotected coitus
• Primary subfertility


  There have been no previous conceptions
• Secondary subfertility


  There has been a previous viable pregnancy, but the couple is unable to conceive at present
• Sterility


  The inability to conceive because of a known condition, such as the absence of a uterus
• In about 40% of couples with a subfertility problem, the cause of subfertility is multifactorial
• In about 30% of couples, it is the man who is subfertile
• In women seen for a fertility concern, 20 % to 25% experience ovulatory failure
• In about 10% of couples, no known cause for the subfertility can be discovered despite all the diagnostic tests currently available
• Unexplained subfertility


  When no known cause for the subfertility can be discovered despite all the diagnostic tests currently available
• When engaging in coitus an average of four times per week, 50% of couples will conceive within 6 months, and 85% within 12 months
• Couples who engage is coitus daily may have more difficulty conceiving than those who space coitus to every other day
• The chance of subfertility increases with age
• Women who are using oral, injectable, or implanted hormones for contraception may have difficulty becoming pregnant for several months after discontinuing these medications