Language Frameworks and Representations

• Frameworks

  • Lexis
  • Syntax
  • Phonology
  • Graphology/orthography
  • Discourse
  • Pragmatics
• Types of noun

  • Proper
  • Abstract
  • Concrete
• Proper noun


  Names of people or places
• Abstract noun

  States, feelings, or concepts that do not have physical existence
• Concrete noun


  Objects that have a physical existence
• Types of verbs

  • Material
  • Relational
  • Mental
  • Verbal
• Material verb


  Show actions or events
• Relational verbs


  Identify properties or show states of being
• Mental verb


  Show internal processes, such as thinking
• Verbal verbs


  Show external processes of communicating through speech
• Types of adjectives and adverbs

  • Base
  • Comparitive
  • Superlative
• Types of pronouns

  • Personal
  • Demonstrative
  • Indefinite
• Demonstrative pronouns


  Orientate the reader or listener towards a person, object, or idea that is either nearby or further away
• Indefinite pronoun


  Refer to a person, object, or idea that is non-specific
• Types of determiners

  • Articles
  • Possesives
  • Quantifiers
• Types of conjunctions

  • Co-ordinating
  • Sub-ordinating
• Modifier


  any type of word that adds meaning to a noun
• Euphemism


  A more socially acceptable way if saying something
• Dysphemism 


  Using a blunt or direct word instead if a more polite or indirect alternative, close to taboo
• Collocations


  Words that are commonly associated with each other
• Fixed expression


  Words that occur together so regularly that they become accepted as one long structure rather than as individual words
• Morpheme


  The smallest unit if grammatical meaning
• Primary auxiliary


  Verbs that denote tense changes
• Active voice


  Someone carrying out an action
• Passive voice


  Someone undergoing an action
• Anaphoric reference


  When a word refers back to something already mentioned
• Cataphoric reference


  When a word refers forward to something
• Ellipsis


  Missing out words
• Alliteration


  The pattern of repeated sounds
• Consonance 


  A pattern of repeated consonant sounds
• Assonance


  A pattern of repeated vowel sounds in the middle of words
• Sibilance


  A pattern of repeated fricative sounds, especially S
• Lexical onomatopoeia


  Words that have some associated meaning between their sound and what they represent
• Non-lexical onomatopoeia


  Non-words that nonetheless are intended to signify some meaning through their sound
• Minimal pair


  Two words that only differ by a single sound
• Typographical feature


  A feature related to the use of fonts in texts
• Font types

  • Sans serif
  • Serif
• Esoteric


  Language designed for a few people
• Litotes


  Gross under-exaggeration
• Synthetic personalisation


  Falsely close relationship created by a writer between themselves and the reader, assuming shared values and putting themselves in a position of power through assumed agreement