C10

• In the UK, potable water is produced by passing fresh water through filter beds and sterilising
• copper can be produced from the leachate by electrolysis or a displacement reaction
• potable water is water that is safe to drink
• bioleaching is carried out by using bacteria to produce a leachate solution containing metal compounds
• sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
• phytomining is carried out by growing plants to absorb metal compounds, then they are harvested and burnt into ash, which contains the metal
• finite resources are resources that will run out
• a low-grade ore is a rock with a small percentage of metal ore in it
• humans use resources for warmth, food and shelter
• ways to extract copper from low grade ore; phytomining and biobleaching
• water is sterilised by using chlorine, ozone or UV light
• a life cycle assessment is a way of assessing the environmental impact of a product across its entire life cycle
• sewage is treated by 1. screening 2. sedimentation 3. anaerobic digestion 4. aerobic biological treatment
• the four stages in a product's life cycle: 1. extracting and processing raw materials 2. manufacturing and packaging 3. use and operation 4. disposal and distribution at each stage
• desalination is the removal of salt from sea water
• it is important to reduce, recycle and reuse because it reduces energy use so there are less fossil fuels burning and less carbon dioxide being released, reduces the use of limited resources and reduces landfill
• desalination can be carried out by reverse osmosis or distillation
• the main disadvantage of desalination is that it needs a high amount of energy
• organic matter and harmful microbes need to be removed from sewage and agricultural waste water
• organic matter and harmful matter has to be removed from industrial waste water