Unit 1/2

• Anne Hutchinson was a minister who was cast out for questioning the authority of the ministers and preaching her own sermons.
• Bacon's Rebellion was an uprising of indentured servants who were unhappy about not receiving proper compensation. This caused the end of indentured servitude of the main labor force in America and led to the use of slavery.
• Bartolome De Las Casas was a Spanish clergyman who wrote about the treatment of Native Americans. He argued in Sepulveda vs. De Las Casas
• British West Indies colonies had sugar plantations. It started the use of enslaved Africans and was what the American chattel slavery was inspired by.
• Middle colonies were the most diverse and had the most freedom of religion. Their economy was based on lumber, shipbuilding, and trade, and was the most prosperous. Slaves were traded there, but not used.
• Northern colonies had small, religious towns. There were mainly small farms and relied on subsistence agriculture, fishing and lumber. They were egalitarian.
• Southern colonies were made up of plantations. It was swampy and humid there. They used the most slavery there.
• Caravels were ships developed by the Portuguese during the Age of Exploration which allowed for better exploration.
• Astrolabe and Stern Post Rudder were inventions which improved navigation during the Age of Exploration.
• Isabella and Ferdinand sent Christopher Columbus to explore the world in 1492.
• The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe.
• Pueblo people were a Southwest Native American tribe whom had cities and cultivated maize.
• Iroquois were a north eastern people whom lived in small villages and cultivated maize.
• Smallpox ravaged the Native people population.
• Inca, Aztecs, and Mayans had large civilizations and maize cultivation.
• Colombian exchange caused switch from feudalism to mercantilism
• Middle passage was the crossing from Africa to the Americas that slaves experienced.
• Joint-stock companies finance trips to Americas and colonies.
• The Encomienda system was a system of forced labor where Encomenderos were given a portion of land and all natives whom lived on that land were forced to work for them.
• House of Burgesses was the legislative body of the Virginia colony which used elected representatives.
• Iroquois confederacy was a confederacy of 5 or 6 Native American tribes in New York state during the 1600s-1700s. They allied with the British during the French-Indian war.
• Jamestown was the first permanent British settlement in North America, established in 1607. It was a joint venture.
• John Rolfe was an English explorer, farmer, and husband of Pocahontas. He was the first to grow tobacco in Virginia.
• John Winthrop was a Puritan minister who was sent to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 and became its governor. He gave the "city on a hill" speech.
• Joint Stock Companies allowed middle/low class people to share in the wealth of the New World and funded the colonization of America.
• Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda was an Enlightenment thinker in Spain who argued that natives did not deserve rights in Sepulveda vs. De Las Casas.
• Salutary neglect was the British policy of ignoring the colonists breaking trade laws and easily accepting bribes. After the French Indian War, this ended, leading to the Revolutionary War.
• Quakers were a religious group whom believed in equality and pacifism. They had a large colony in Pennsylvania. They were against the Revolutionary War and promoted peace with the natives.
• Puritans were a group of Protestants who came to America to create a pious, egalitarian society, without Catholic influence. They colonized the Northern Colonies.
• Mercantilism was an economic belief in trade, maximizing exports and minimizing imports. It influenced the creation of colonies and fueled the French Indian War.
• Roger Williams was a Puritan minister who founded Rhode Island after disagreements with other Puritan leaders over treatment of the Native Americans.
• Navigation Acts (1651-1660) were laws that restricted trade with foreign countries and favored English merchants, outlawing the colonists from trading with other countries. This angered the colonists.
• Requerimiento was a document issued by Ferdinand and Isabella where the Pope granted Spanish monarchs the authority to take lands and convert people to Christianity in the Americas. If a native refused to convert they no longer had the protection of the crown.
• Caste system established by Spanish in the Americas based on racial hierarchy.
• Peninsulares were those born in Spain.
• Criollos were Spanish but born in the colonies.
• Mestizos were those with Spanish and Native American ancestry.
• Mulattoes were those with Spanish and African ancestry.
• Hegemony means the dominance of one country over another.
• Mission System was the system of expansion that the Spanish used after 1573, sending missionaries instead of soldiers to convert Natives.