AP Bio Exam Prep

• carbohydrates - CHO
• Lipids - CHO
• Protein - CHONG
• Nucleic acids - SPONCH
• sponch - sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen
• A binds to T / U
• G binds to C
• What happens if an amino acid is deleted?

  Protein shape is changed
• saturated fatty acids - single bonds between carbon atoms in a fatty acid
• unsaturated fatty acids - have double bonds that appear to be "kinky"
• dehydration synthesis - joining two molecules with water as a byproduct
• hydrolysis - breaking bonds when H2O is added
• R-group - determines shape and function
• Nucleic acids carry the genetic code
• Structure of carbohydrates?

  Ring structure
• "saccharide" - sugar
• "peptide" - protein
• phospholipids - form bilayer to surround cells
• phospholipid heads are hydrophilic and face outward
• fatty acid tails face inward and are hydrophobic
• ion - charged particle
• ionic bond - compounds held together by positive and negatively charged ions
• non-polar covalent bond - equal sharing of electrons
• polar covalent bond - not equally shared
• hydrogen bond - slightly positive connecting to a slightly negative atom. weakest bonds and easily breaks
• calorie - amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature
• solution - the product
• solute - product being dissolved
• solvent - liquid that can dissolve other substances
• cohesion - water to water
• adhesion - water to other surfaces
• surface tension - the force of attraction between the water molecules on the surface of a liquid
• 7.4 is a normal pH scale
• below 7 means the pH scale is acidic
• above 7.8 means the pH scale is basic
• buffers - help keep pH normal
• endosymbioant theory - theory that bacteria and archaea evolved from eukaryotic cells
• compartmentalization - advantage of eukaryotes
• convolutions - shape folded or curved to to maximize area allowing for more interactions between cells and environment
• concentration gradient - high to low