Tudors - Foreign policy

• Henry VII: France

  Brittany Crisis

  - Henry had to find a way to stop Anne of Beaujeu from taking back Brittany as it would give France more potential to invade England

  - The Treaty of Etaples (1492) gave Henry £150,000 in return for England removing its troops from French soil and a guarantee that France would not shelter English rebels

  - Henry eventually joined the Holy League of Venice (an anti-France alliance) in 1496 but remained neutral in fighting

  - The Treaty of Redon meant Henry had to send 6,000 troops to fight to protect Brittany
• Henry VII: Scotland

  - Wanted to take back Berwick and Dunbar

  - Scotland's alliance with France was dangerous to England, making Henry fearful of Warbeck's rebellion gaining Scottish support

  - Henry stabilised the northern border without full security

  - Treaty of Perpetual Peace was signed in 1502, improving Anglo-Scottish relations
• Henry VII: Spain

  Treaty of Medina (1489)

  - Spain and England agreed not to make truces with France without each other's permission

  - Equal trading rights for merchants

  - Prince Arthur married Catherine of Aragon but his death in 1502 complicated relations with Ferdinand

  - Acknowledged Princess Juana and Philip of Burgundy as rulers of Castile, however after Philip died, Ferdinand became regent, leaving him isolated
• Henry VII: Burgundy

  - A principal trade and cloth-finishing centre for England

  - Intercursus Magnus (1496): English merchants could trade freely in all parts of Burgundy except Flanders

  - Intercursus Malus (1506): removed English textile export duties and arranged Henry with Margaret
• Henry VII: The Netherlands

  - An essential hub for the cloth industry which meant it was important for England to access it easily
• Henry VII: Navigation Acts


  - Prohibited non-English ships from being involved in trade
• Henry VIII: 1509-1514 FP


  Henry's early foreign policy showed his enthusiasm for military glory and making England a strong force in international affairs.
• Henry VIII: France

  - Claimed kingship of France; personal rivalry with Francis I

  - Treaty of Etaples renewed in 1510

  - Joined the Holy League in 1511 formed against France

  - England invaded France in 1512

  - After the failure of 1512, Henry declared war in northern France in 1513 (Battle of the Spurs)

  - James IV of Scotland declared war in defence of France

  - Battle of Bomy was a success for England

  - Wolsey arranged the marriage of Louis XII with Princess Mary in 1514
• Henry VIII: Scotland

  - Henry destroyed the Perpetual Peace treaty as soon as he was crowned

  - Scotland invaded England whilst Henry was fighting in France

  - The Battle of Flodden was heavily affected by the poor weather conditions

  - Scotland were weakened as they were attacked from three sides, losing 10,000 soldiers

  - James IV perished, leaving infant James V in power

  - Henry did not take advantage of his victory out of respect for the infant
• Henry VIII: Spain

  - Married Catherine of Aragon
• Henry VIII: 1514-1526 FP


  Henry's policies became inconsistent; his rival Francis I succeeded Louis XII after his death, and the accession of Charles I as Holy Roman Emperor changed the power balance in Europe. These factors affected Henry's future decisions. Wolsey was important in soothing Anglo-French relations.
• Henry VIII: France (2)

  - England was isolated after France agreed the Treaty of Cambrai (1517)

  - A year later, however, Wolsey successfully paraded the Treaty of London, a non-aggression pact signed by England, France, Spain, HRE and other smaller states

  - The Field of the Cloth of Gold reinforced positive Anglo-French relations
• Henry VIII: Holy Roman Empire

  - Wolsey and Charles negotiated the Treaty of Bruges

  - However Henry changed his tactics and supported the League of Cognac with France after Charles refused to engage in a joint invasion of France with him

  - This was done in an attempt to counterbalance Charles' growing power
• Henry VIII: 1527-1540


  Charles V was the dominant player in Europe. This made Henry's attempts to annul his marriage with Catherine complicated.
• Henry VIII: France (3)

  - Treaty of Amiens alliance (1527)

  - Tried to form a further alliance in hopes of persuading Charles V into supporting his marriage annulment, but failed
• Edward VI: Somerset


  Scotland and France

  - Efforts to unite England and Scotland through a pre-agreed marriage between Edward and Mary QOS failed.

  - Facing resistance, he battled and won at Pinkie, building forts on Scottish borders.

  - Couldn't control Scotland and France's Firth of Forth or garrison the forts, so was defeated

  
  

  Mary ended up marrying the French Prince Dauphin instead, hindering the efforts Henry had hoped for in the Treaty of Greenwich
• Edward VI: Northumberland


  Reduced FP expenditure to help stabilise the Crown's finances

  Ended the wars against Scotland and France

  - Handed Boulogne back to the French

  - The remaining English garrisons in Scotland were abandoned

  The Treaty of Boulogne ensured the marriage of Edward with Henry II's daughter, Elizabeth
• Mary I: Spain

  - Married Prince Phillip of Spain in hopes of producing a Catholic heir, signing a marriage treaty in Jan 1554, marrying in July 1554

  - Failed to produce a heir by the time of her death, arguably the biggest failure of her reign
• Mary I: France

  - England was dragged into a war against France, essentially at war with the papacy, which she wanted to restore in England

  - Declared war against France in 1557 after Stafford's raid of French troops

  - Lost Calais in Jan 1558, then failed to attack Brest in the summer