BIOL 23 Lecture 2

• GTS

  • GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
  • framework for deciphering and understanding the long and complex history of Earth.
  • Constructed by merging chronometric and chronostratigraphic scales.

  GTS1989 = Harland et al., 1990

  GTS2004 = Gradstein et al., 2004

  GTS2012 = Gradstein et al., 2012

  GTS2020 = Gradstein, Ogg, & Schmitz, 2020
• HOW DO WE READ ROCKS?

  • Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSPs)
  • Maintained by International Commission on Stratigraphy
  • https://stratigraphy.or g/gssps/
• EXAMPLE OF GSSP

  • EDIACARAN GSSP
  • Brachina Creek, Australia
• THE PRECAMBRIAN EONS

  HADEAN:

  Formation of Solar System ≈ 4.54 BYA

  Formation of earliest water

  BETWEEN HADEAN AND ARCHEAN:

  Cooling of Primordial Earth ≈ 4 BYA

  ARCHEAN:

  First Prokaryotic life ≈ 3.5 BYA

  FOSSIL EVIDENCES:

  Kingdom Archaea

  Kingdom Bacteria

  THE OXYGEN HOLOCAUST• or the Great Oxidation Event (GOE).
• THE PRECAMBRIAN EONS

  PROTEROZOIC (SUPERCONTINENT: PANNOTIA)

  
  

  FOSSIL EVIDENCES:

  Kingdom Protozoa (earliest eukaryotes)

  
  

  EARLIEST FOSSIL RECORDS:

  Kingdom Chromista

  Kingdom Fungi (Neoproterozoic era)

  Kingdom Plantae (Aquatic ancestors)

  Kingdom Animalia (Ediacaran Period)
• THE PHANEROZOIC EON

  PALEOZOIC ERA:

  Pannotia broke apart

  The Cambrian Explosion

  Largest Mass Extinction
• THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD

  • DIVERSIFICATION OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS.

  Early species of:

  • Crustaceans

  • Nautiloids

  • Echinoderms

  • Molluscs

  • Jellyfishes

  • Hemichordates

  • Early fishes

  
  

  Broke up into three continents:

  • Baltica,

  • Laurentia

  • Gondwana.
• THE ORDOVICIAN PERIOD

  Ordovician Radiation

  Sudden increase in biodiversity

  GLOBAL ICE AGE

  • First jawless fishes
  • Crinoids or “Feather Stars”
  • Starfishes
  • Early Gnathostomes or jawed animals (Placodermi)
  • Early Sharks
  • Some animals with bones started to appear
• THE SILURIAN PERIOD

  • Early mosses dominated the land and followed by Early vascular plants
  • First land animals started to appear
  • Osteichthyes or "Bony Fishes"
  • Increase in seawater level
• THE DEVONIAN PERIOD

  • Adaptive radiation of terrestrial organisms: Insects, Ammonites, Amphibians (Early Tetrapods)
  • Cryptogams or Pteridophytes
  • “Age of Fishes”
  • Gondwana, Siberia and Euramerica (3 MAJOR CONTINENTS)
• THE PERMIAN PERIOD

  • Supercontinent Pangaea dominated the equator and both hemispheres.
  • Ferns, Ginkgos, Conifers and Cycads
  • Coleopterans and Hemipterans
  • Pelycosaurs (ancestral group of mammals, reptiles), Diadectids, Amphibians, and Archosauriforms
• MESOZOIC ERA

  • Age of Reptiles
  • Mammals Appeared
  • Rise of Angiosperms
• THE TRIASSIC PERIOD

  • Spermatophytes dominated the land
  • Marine reptiles (Nothosaurs, Placodonts, and Plesiosaurs)
  • Cynodonts, Lungfishes, Theropods and Aetosaurs
• THE JURASSIC PERIOD

  • Pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwana
  • Araucaria, Ginkgoes, Podocarps, Cycads and Tree Ferns
  • Dinosaurs: Pterosaurs, Archaeopteryx, Brachiosaurus, Stegosaurus, Allosaurus, Coelurosaurus, Icthyosaurs, Plesiosaurs.
• THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD

  • Continents continued to drift
  • Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus rex, Spinosaurus
  • Snakes, frogs, turtles, crocodiles and salamanders
  • Pelicans, sandpipers, and grebes
  • Angiosperms: Magnolia, Figs and Platanus
• CENOZOIC ERA

  • Age of Reptiles Ended
  • Early Hominins
• THE PALEOGENE PERIOD

  • Continents still continued to drift
  • Palms, guavas, aroids, legumes, and Malvales
  • Surviving turtles, lizards, snakes, and crocodiles thrived.
  • Primates, rodents, and Titanoboa
  • Fishes, sharks, squids, whales, sirenians
• THE NEOGENE PERIOD

  MIOCENE EPOCH:

  • First apes in the Old World

  • Grasslands

  • Kelp Forest, Megalodon, Raptorial Sperm Whale

  PLIOCENE EPOCH:

  • Isthmus of Panama connected North and South America

  • Africa collided with Europe

  • Australopithecus appeared
• THE QUATERNARY PERIOD

  • Age of Humans

  PLEISTOCENE EPOCH:

  • Ice Age

  • Paleolithic Age

  • Mammoths

  • Homo erectus

  HOLOCENE EPOCH:

  • Scientific Revolutions

  • Advancement of Civilization

  • Present Epoch
• • HADEAN
  • ARCHEAN
  • PROTEROZOIC (EON)

  ERAS:

  1. Paleoproterozoic
  2. Mesoproterozoic
  3. Neoproterozoic

  • PHANEROZOIC (EON)

  ERAS:

  1. Paleozoic
  2. Mesozoic
  3. Cenozoic

  PALEOZOIC PERIODS:

  1. Cambrian
  2. Ordovician
  3. Silurian
  4. Devonian
  5. Carboniferous
  6. Permian
• MESOZOIC PERIODS:

  1. Triassic
  2. Jurassic
  3. Cretaceous

  CENOZOIC PERIODS:

  1. Paleogene
  2. Neogene
  3. Quaternary