21st century reviewer (All lesson summary)

• Reading Approach. Teachers use reading approach as one of the methods in teaching English. This approach is one way of solving student’s reading problems. Students are demanded to read more to improve their knowledge and get new ideas. Inferencing, guessing and predicting are important skills developed in reading. By reading, students will know about the different culture by reading across cultural understanding, and they will learn how to pronounce the words correctly. In reading approach, students are expected to improve their English skills.
• In skimming, the main idea of a text is quickly identified. The goal is to read shorter texts to extract accurate detailed information. Skimming is done at speed three to four times faster than regular reading. People often skim when they have lots of material to read in a limited amount of time. Some students will read the first and last paragraphs using headings, summarizes and other organizers as they move down the page or screen. Some might also read the title, subtitles, subheadings, and illustrations. Other people consider reading the first sentence of each paragraph.
• Scanning works well to find dates, names, and places. It might be used to review graphs, tables, and charts. This technique is useful when you are seeking specific information rather than reading for comprehension.
• Skimming is quickly reading a text to get the summary of it. It is a technique wherein students search for keywords or ideas. Scanning involves moving eyes quickly down the page seeking specific words and phrases. Scanning is also used for the reader to find answers to questions. Once a student scanned the document, they will go back and skim it.
• Extensive reading is an approach to language learning, including foreign language learning, by means of a large amount of reading. The readers view and review of unfamiliar words in a specific context will allow the reader to infer the word’s meaning, to learn unknown words. Extensive Reading is the free reading of books and other written material that is not too difficult for readers. Extensive Reading is sometimes called Free Voluntary Reading.
• Intensive reading involves thorough reading of short texts and passages, often before a class or discussion.
• Graphic fiction or a graphic novel is a comic book narrative that is equivalent in form and dimension to the prose novel (Campbell 200, 81). The pictures are arranged in sequenced in image panels and dialogues are written in speech bubbles. The illustrations allow the readers to imagine and experience the characters and events in the story.
• Here are some of the features of graphic fiction or graphic novel according to Singh (2012). 1. Autographic forms are the marks of author’s handwriting which creates an impact that the whole novel is a manuscript and thus provides a sense of intimacy. 2. Graphic novels encourage interactivity in the minds of the reader as he fills in the blanks between image panels. 3. Filling in the blanks between image panels makes the reader imagine the actions portrayed in the story.
• Here are some of the features of graphic fiction or graphic novel according to Singh (2012).

  4. The language, syntax and meaning of a graphic novel spring primarily through the relationship between images than words. 5. Graphic fiction combines book and screen.
• Some of the examples of graphic novels are the following:

  1. “In the Shadow of No Tower: 9/11” by Art Spiegelmen in 2004 which tells the story about the terrorist attack on September 11 in America. This also depicts the traumatic and tragic experiences of American people during the 9/11 terrorist attack. 2. “The Barn Owl’s Wondrous Capers” by Sarnath Banerjee in 2009 portrays 18th century Calcutta exploiting the myth of the “Wandering Jew”. 3. “Louis Riel” by Chester Brown in 2003 is a fictionalized violent rebellion in the 19th Century on the Canadian praire who led by Riel.
• Flash fiction is imaginative literature of extreme brevity. It could range from a word to a thousand (Gacusan 2018). It is known as micro stories, postcard fiction, nanotales and short shorts.
• According to Sustana (2020), most of the flash fictions have these common characteristics.

  1. Brevity. Flash fiction presents the story with fewest words as possible. 2. Complete plot. Flash fiction emphasizes the development of plot. It has a beginning, middle and ending of the story. 3. Surprising ending. The successful hallmark of a flash fiction is its twist at the end of the story.
• Multimedia is an essential avenue to transform unique adaptations of a literary genre, thus, making learning outputs interesting and productive. To have a creative adaptation of literary genres, the following concepts have to take into considerations.
• Here some of the flash fictions. ● “Angels and Blueberries” by Tara Campbell is a story of various explanations for the color of the sky that involves angels and blueberries. First lines: “Why is the sky blue?” you ask. Well, it all depends on who’s answering. ● “Taylor Swift” by Hugh Behm-Steinberg tells a weird story of how anyone can order a perfectly clone of Taylor Swift at his doorstep. First line: You’re in love; it’s great, you swipe on your phone and order: the next day a Taylor Swift clone shows up at your house.
• Here some of the flash fictions.

  Unnecessary Things” by Tatyana Tolstaya is a story of finding an old and torn teddy bear, “unnecessary things” (items that do not serve any useful purpose), that she adored as a child. First lines: This Teddy bear once had amber eyes made from special glass — each one had a pupil and an iris. The bear itself was gray and stiff, with wiry fur. I adored him.
• A multimedia is any electronic application used to teach lessons or to further educate learners on a particular topic. It is a presentation of material that uses both words and pictures in a combination of text, voice, picture or video. Using interactive digital tools to tell a story is called digital storytelling and often uses a combination of multimedia venues to complete the task. The use of multimedia allows educational ideas and materials to be presented in a more artistic, inspired and engaging way.
• FABLE - a brief story illustrating a moral or revealing general truths about human nature often includes talking animals or animated objects as the principal characters. Ex. Ants and the Grasshopper
• PARABLE - a short story designed to allegorically teach some religious principle, moral or lesson, or general truths includes real or literal occurrences to which anyone can relate Example: The Plant Sower
• B. Uses of Multimedia and its Formats

  Audiobooks are ideal for second-language learners. Song files and music videos can be used to compare social norms in different eras. Multimedia can offer students a better understanding of the lesson. The multimedia formats from various media includes text and graphics for slideshows, presentations, diagrams and infographics. Audio has podcasts and recordings. Screen captures, lecture captures, and animation are examples of video components of multimedia. Other multimedia components include blogs, vlogs, webinars, and other interactive content.
• Multimedia applications include the interaction of different media types like animation, video, text and sound. It has become a part of our lives as soon as we entered the digital age. Before the modern technology, there are tools helping us appreciate some of the types of multimedia such as videos on television.
• There are various components of multimedia such as:

  1. Videos Digital video is a primary component in multimedia, especially those that appear online and on television. The different formats of these types of multimedia include wmv, avi, mped and flash. Some of these formats are better than others because they load faster and can be viewed or loaded using different platforms and operating systems.
• Here is a list of multimedia formats and file:

  • MPEG and .mpg or .mpeg
  • AVI and .avi
  • WMA and .WMA
  • flash and swf (small web file)
  • MP3 and .mp3
  • MP4 and .mp4
• There are various components of multimedia such as:

  2. Animation

  Animation is a form of art for most people, especially those that are in the business of producing animated movies. Right now, animation has become interactive, allowing users to directly affect the outcome of animated components and events. Flash is the most common platform for animation, and using this component, the interactivity of animation is enhanced.
• There are various components of multimedia such as:

  3. Text Text has always been and will always be the most common among the types of multimedia components in different applications. Text in combination with other media components can make any application more user-friendly. By using text, interactivity is increased. Text elements are particularly important for accessibility purposes. Users of an application need to input text for the system to identify them. Text is also used to create a digital signature, such as in passwords.
• There are various components of multimedia such as:

  4. Images Digital image files are needed to create videos and animation. A user would sooner go to a website filled with colorful photographs than one that contains only text elements. Familiar image formats include jpeg and png. These formats permit editing. Images are created by graphic designers using various software.
• There are various components of multimedia such as:

  5. Audio Voiceovers comprise a tremendous number of the types of multimedia components. Audio files include background music and special effects. Any audio in an application is designed to improve a user’s experience.
• C. Characteristic of a Multimedia  Multimedia can be used in the presentations, making them more fun and interesting.  A multimedia presentation has various viewing options such as projector or a media player and the like.  You can also download the multimedia presentation or play it live.  The technology of multimedia can also be used to make the information be conveyed more easily to the user.  Multimedia technology has improved the learning experience by combining various forms of media together.
• D. Benefits of Using Multimedia  Digital storytelling allows students to improve their knowledge about a specific subject and increases skills such as writing, researching and reading.  Using multimedia improve a learner’s overall academic performance. In particular, multimedia in the classroom is used for self-directed learning or SDL.  Students manage their time and assess what needs to be included in their learning activities. This style of learning is used mostly with older students who already know how to manipulate many of the multimedia venues available to them.
• Flash Fiction


  Also known as short-short story, typically contains less than 1000 words, used to describe short casual written works
• Genres of famous flash fiction

  • Romance
  • Thriller
  • Horror
  • Sci-fi
• Elements of flash fiction

  • Plot is the paramount element
• Flash fiction

  Similar to short story in some ways
• Similarities between flash fiction and short story

  • Both tell a complete story with a beginning, middle and end
  • Both have the elements of storytelling in place
• Differences between flash fiction and short story

  • They have differences
• Characteristics of Flash Fiction When writing a flash fiction story, it is important to know how they are similar and different to longer stories. Flash fiction is shorter, but it should not feel too short.
• Here are some traits of strong flash fiction stories.

  1. Story Structure: A flash fiction story is not the shortened version of a longer story; it still follows the elements of plot, including a beginning, middle and end, as well as a conflict and satisfying resolution. 2. Setting: Most flash fiction stories take place in one setting, as moving between locations uses up too much space. It allows the writer and reader to focus on the plot.
• Here are some traits of strong flash fiction stories.

  3. Characters and Backstory: Flash fiction pieces are plot-driven and include no more than three or four characters. They may include some character development, but too much backstory can use valuable space. 4. Description: One may think that flash fiction stories are short on description to save space. However, a strong piece can balance vivid descriptions with a quickmoving plot. Stories that lack description are not satisfying to read, and a flash fiction piece should feel complete.
• The PLOT

  Every written story has a plot- the series of events and characters’ actions that includes a beginning, a middle and an end. Also, every written story has a plot structure or a narrative arc. Although it is important for a story to have all its essential elements, the plot is the major element of all as it is what the story is all about. The plot is the actual story. Without it, a writer has not penned anything.
• Two types of Plots A writer can create a story using one of the two types of plots- a unified plot or an episodic plot. A unified plot has a story that is realistic with a central character and action and the story happens in one place during a short span of time- a day, several hours or even just for an hour. An episodic plot, on the other hand, has a story that happens in a much extended period of time. A writer who employs the episodic plot frequently uses the technique of ‘flashback’ to lay out background details of the story. But similar to the unified plot, an episodic plot also
• There are three other ways to write a plot. A plot may be written as a movement in casualty, a movement in time and a movement in dramatic tension.