Geography

• Settlement hierarchy


  Placing things in order of importance
• Sphere of influence


  The distance people would travel from to access a service
• Service


  A facility offered to people
• Range of services


  The number or type of different services
• Threshold population


  The minimum amount of people that are needed for a service to be offered and to remain open
• Types of goods


  • High order goods
  • Low order goods
• High order goods


  Expensive goods that people buy less frequently, also called comparison goods
• Low order goods


  Cheaper goods that people buy every day, also called convenience goods
• Settlement hierarchy


  • Isolated dwelling
  • Hamlet
  • Village
  • Small town
  • Large town
  • City
  • Conurbation
• Settlement hierarchy


  • Increases in population size
  • Increases in range and number of services
  • Increases in sphere of influence
• CBD (Central Business District)


  The area in the middle of urban areas where there tends to be a concentration of retail and commercial land uses
• Transition zone


  The area between the CBD and the largely residential suburbs, used to have heavy industry
• Suburbs


  The areas near the edge of an urban area that have a concentration of residential land use
• Rural-urban fringe


  The boundary between an urban area and a rural area, demanded by multiple land uses
• Greenfield site


  Land that has never been built on before
• Brownfield site


  Land that has been built on previously but is not abandoned
• Green belt


  Protected areas of land around large urban areas
• Urban sprawl/growth


  The spread or growth of an urban area into the rural-urban fringe
• Burgess model


  A land use model with a concentric circular pattern, with the CBD in the center
• Hoyt model


  A land use model where industry develops along major transport routes, and poorer residential areas are near industry
• Types of housing


  • Council housing
  • Detached housing
  • Semi-detached housing
  • Terraced housing
  • Bungalow
• Council housing


  Housing that belongs to the government and is given to people who are unemployed and cannot afford other housing
• Detached housing


  A single house that is not attached to any other house, usually found in the suburbs
• Semi-detached housing


  Two houses that are joined together, usually found in the suburbs
• Terraced housing


  A long line of attached houses, typical in old industrial cities
• Bungalow


  A house with only one floor, popular with elderly and disabled people
• Terraced houses


  Typical and old industrial houses in the UK, attached in a long line, basic housing for workers, often without electricity and with outdoor toilets
• Bungalow


  A house with only one floor, popular with elderly and disabled people, can be detached or semi-detached, normally found in suburbs
• Demand for houses has increased


  Even though population is fairly stable in the UK
• Reasons for increased housing demand

  • Smaller family sizes
  • More divorces and single people
  • People leaving home younger
  • Increased migration
  • People getting married later
• Many old terraced houses are considered uninhabitable, so new houses are needed
• Old people choosing to live independently instead of care homes or with family increases housing demand
• Green belts


  • Areas of land around an urban area that are protected from development
• Urban wedges


  • Allowing urban growth to take place in wedges between different land uses to protect green areas
• Brownfield sites


  • Previously developed land, often polluted, that the government wants used for new housing to protect greenfield sites
• Housing density


  • Increasing the number of houses per hectare to reduce land use
• Advantages of greenfield sites

  • Land never used before
  • Good transport links
  • Less traffic congestion
  • Ability to choose site size for expansion
• Disadvantages of greenfield sites

  • Conflict with other land users
  • Many sites protected from development
  • Less accessible by public transport
  • Potential for public protests
• Advantages of brownfield sites

  • Cheap land
  • Often located near central business district
  • Government incentives to build on them
  • Good public transport access
• Disadvantages of brownfield sites

  • Land is usually polluted and needs cleaning up
  • Can't always choose location
  • Limited room for expansion
  • Irregular site shapes