STS

• 3 Age System


  Introduced in the early 19th century by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen to classify artifacts in the possession of the museum based on the materials to which they were made of
• Pre-Historic Age


  • Paleolithic / Stone Age (2.5 mya - 3000 BC)
  • Mesolithic ("Middle Stone") Period
  • Neolithic ("New stone") Period
• Paleolithic / Stone Age


  • Longest phase of human history
  • Humans were evolved from ape-like creature into true homo sapiens
  • Hunter gatherers
• Paleolithic / Stone Age

  • Lower Paleolithic Period
  • Middle Paleolithic Period
  • Upper Paleolithic Period
• Lower Paleolithic Period


  • Early Stone Age
  • Stone choppers believed to be made more than a million year ago by Australopithecus were unearthed from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
• Middle Paleolithic Period


  • Cultural development involving Neanderthal man also known as caveman
  • Fire
  • Needles for sewing body coverings made of animal furs and skins
• Upper Paleolithic Period


  • Dominated by homo sapiens groups (Cro-Magnon, Grimaldi man etc.)
  • Communal hunting
  • Extensive fishing
  • Supernatural beliefs
  • Cloth sewing
  • Painting
  • Sculpture
• Mesolithic ("Middle Stone") Period


  • People began to learn fishing along rivers and lakes shores, make pottery and use bow
  • They also learn plant propagation and animal breeding
• Neolithic ("New stone") Period

  • Cultural and technological development was based mostly on agriculture
  • Agriculture continued to expand all over the world giving rise to a variety of civilization
• Bronze Age (3000BC – 1200BC)


  • Almost all the tools were made of copper or bronze
  • This was achieved through the extraction of metal from ore called smelting
• Iron Age (1500 BC – 450 AD)


  • All the tools were made of iron
  • This began when smelting pits made enough advancement to produce higher temperatures that could smelt iron ore
• Middle Ages (450-1450 AD)


  • Began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merge into renaissance and the age of discovery
  • It is subdivided into two smaller ages, Dark and High Middle Ages
• Inventions in China


  • Paper
  • Seismograph
  • Animal harness
  • Mechanical clock
  • Hydraulic engineering works
  • Wheelbarrow
  • Gunpowder, guns and cannons
  • Printing press
  • Magnetic compass
• Inventions in Europe


  • Feudal system
  • Schools
  • Horse collar
  • Clock/watch
  • Magnetic compass
  • Watermill and windmill
  • Lenses with spectacles
  • Gunpowder and cannon
• The Pre-Columbian American was thrived in by three groups of people: Mayan, Aztec and Incas
• Copernical heliocentrism


  This model describes the Sun near the center of the Universe, and the Earth and other planets orbiting around it in circular paths, modified by epicycles, and at uniform speeds
• Kepler's Law of Planetary Motion

  • All planets revolve around the sun in elliptical, not circular
  • Closer planets to the sun move faster than the others
• Galileo's Work of Motion

  1. Definition of concept

  2. Expression of relationship of concept

  3. Forming a hypothesis

  4. Reduction of consequences from hypothesis

  5. Experimentation

  6. Analysis
• Newton's Laws of Motion

  • 1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia): If a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force
  • 2nd Law of Motion: When a constant force acts on a massive body, it causes it to accelerate
  • 3rd Law of Motion: For every action, there is equal and opposite reaction
• Newton's Law of Universal Gravity

  A particle in the universe attracts every other universal particle using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely to the square of the distance between their centers
• Key Figures in Scientific Revolution and Discoveries

  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: Observation and discovery of microorganism
  • Carolus Linnaeus: Introduced binomial nomenclature of classifying species
  • Martinus Beijerinck: Discovered first known virus
  • Marry Anning: Discovered first Ichthyosaur fossil
  • Georges Cuvier: Founded comparative anatomy as science
  • Crawford Long: Use of ether in surgical operations
  • Wilhelm Wundt: Introduction of experimental psychology
  • Charles Darwin: Theory of Evolution
  • Louis Pasteur: Vaccine against rabies
  • Daniel Hale Williams: Performed the first heart surgery
• Key Figures in Chemistry

  • Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit: Invented the first mercury thermometer
  • Benjamin Franklin: Distinguished negative and positive charges
  • Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier: Made chemistry a science; perform combustion experiments
  • Henry Cavendish: Idea that oxygen combustion produces water
  • John Dalton: Suggested the Atomic Theory
  • Joseph John Thomson: Discovered electron
  • Humphry Davy, Jons Jacob Berzelius and others: Discovered new elements
  • Auguste Laurent and Charles Gerhardt: Pioneered organic chemistry
• Key Figures in Physics

  • Charles-Augustine de Coloumb: Law of electrostatic interaction and frictional electrostatic instrumentation
  • Alessandro Volta: Cell or battery
  • Hans Christian Oersted: Idea that electricity generates magnetism
  • Andre-Marie Ampere: Ampere's Law to tell how electric current produces magnetism
  • Paul Erman: Made first measurement of Earth's magnetism
  • Michael Faraday: Magnetism generates electricity
  • James Maxwell: Unification theory of electricity and magnetism
  • Heinrich Hertz: Discovery, detection and production of radio waves
  • Wilhelm Roentgen: Discovery of X-rays
• Key Figures in Biology

  • Robert Hooke: Discovery of Cell
  • Robert Brown: Discovered cell nucleus
• Key Figures in Astronomy

  • Edwin Hubble: Presentation of galaxies as huge aggregation of stars and the open universe theory
  • George Lemaitre: Publication of the original Big Bang Theory
  • Neil Armstrong: First walk on the moon
• Key Figures in 20th Century

  • James Chadwick: Discovered Neutron
  • Dmitry Ivanovsky and Martinus Beijerick: Discovered Viruses
  • Rudolf Jaenisch: Introduction of DNA into a mouse embryo
  • Mikhail Tsvet: Paper chromatography
  • Jaroslav Heyrovsky: Polarography
  • Phoebus Levene: Discovered Deoxyribose sugars of DNA
  • Leon Philippe Teisserenc de Bort: Discovered stratosphere
  • Andrija Mohorovicic: Discovered Mohorovicic discontinuity: the boundary between earth's crust and mantle
  • Alfred Wegener: Suggest continental drift theory
  • Albert Einstein: Theory of relativity
  • Ernest Rutherford: Discovery of proton
  • Wolfgang Pauli: Principle on arrangement of electrons in atom
• When analysing markets, a range of assumptions are made about the rationality of economic agents involved in the transactions
• The Wealth of Nations was written

  1776
• Rational


  (in classical economic theory) economic agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
• Rational agents will select the choice which presents the highest benefits
• Producers act rationally by


  Selling goods/services in a way that maximises their profits
• Workers act rationally by


  Balancing welfare at work with consideration of both pay and benefits
• Governments act rationally by


  Placing the interests of the people they serve first in order to maximise their welfare
• Groups assumed to act rationally


  • Consumers
  • Producers
  • Workers
  • Governments
• Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally
• If you add up marginal utility for each unit you get total utility
• Geocentric model


  Model of the Universe with the Earth at the center, and the planets orbiting around it in circular paths, modified by epicycles, and at uniform speeds
• Copernicus Heliocentric Model


  Model with the Sun at the center, and the Earth and other planets orbiting around it
• Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

  • Planets revolve around the Sun in elliptical, not circular, orbits
  • Planets closer to the Sun move faster than those farther away
• Galileo's Work on Motion

  1. Definition of concepts

  2. Expression of relationships

  3. Forming hypotheses

  4. Deducing consequences

  5. Experimentation

  6. Analysis