Biology IGCSE

• Movement


  Movement of whole/parts of the body to a different place
• Reproduction


  Ability to create more of the same type of organism either asexually or sexually
• Sensitivity


  Reaction to internal and external stimuli
• Growth


  Permanent increase in size and dry mass
• Respiration


  Chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrients and converts them to energy
• Excretion


  Removal of waste products of the metabolism
• Nutrition


  Consumption of nutrients for energy, growth and development
• Micrometers


  1000 times smaller than millimeters
• Nanometers


  1000 times smaller than micrometers
• Species


  Organism that can interbreed and produce fertile offsprings
• Taxonomic classification


  • Species
  • Genus
  • Family
  • Order
  • Class
  • Phylum
  • Kingdom
  • Domain
• DNA


  Consists of 4 bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine. The order determines amino acid sequence in proteins, the greater the difference in base sequence, the more distant relatives species are
• Vertebrates


  • Mammals
  • Birds
  • Reptiles
  • Fish
  • Amphibians
• Mammals


  • Mammary glands, furry skin
• Birds


  • Feathers on wings, scales on legs and feet
• Reptiles


  • Dry, scaly skin
• Fish


  • Scales, fins, gills
• Amphibians


  • Moist skin
• Invertebrates


  • Arthropods
  • Myriapods
  • Insects
  • Arachnids
  • Crustaceans
• Arthropods


  • Exoskeleton, bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies
• Myriapods


  • Antennae, hard exoskeleton segmented bodies, 20+ legs (1/2 pairs on each segment)
• Insects


  • Antennae, compound eyes, head thorax abdomen, 2 pairs of wings, 3 pairs of legs, mouthparts
• Arachnids


  • Simple eyes, combined head and thorax, 4 pairs of legs, powerful jaw
• Crustaceans


  • Carapace, claws with serrated edges, eyes, jointed limbs, gills under shell, 5+ pairs of legs
• Flowering plants


  • Produce flowers, fruits or seeds, complex root system
• Ferns


  • Produces spores, simple root system
• Prokaryotic cells


  No membrane bound organelles or nucleus, no organelle except for ribosomes, unicellular
• Eukaryotic cells


  Contain membrane bound organelles, have a nucleus and other organelles, unicellular
• Cell types


  • Animal
  • Plant
  • Prokaryote
  • Fungi
  • Protoctists
• Animal cells


  • Nucleus, multicellular
• Plant cells


  • Multicellular, chloroplast, cell wall out of cellulose, vacuoles (cell sap)
• Prokaryotic cells


  • Unicellular, no nucleus but has 1 strand of DNA in cytoplasm
• Fungal cells


  • Uni & Multicellular, have a thread-like structure that contains nuclei
• Protoctist cells


  • Unicellular, chloroplast sometimes
• Cell organelles


  • Ribosomes
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Chloroplast
  • Cell wall
  • Vacuole
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Ribosomes


  Build proteins
• Cell membrane


  Controls what can pass into and out of a cell
• Mitochondria


  Site of aerobic respiration and converts glucose to ATP
• Nucleus


  Controls all activities in the cell and contains DNA
• Cytoplasm


  Site of chemical reactions