Memory

• Episodic memory refers to our ability to remember specific events or experiences from our past.
• Semantic memory involves general knowledge about the world around us, such as facts and concepts.
• Procedural memory allows us to perform learned skills without conscious thought.
• Sensory memory is the entry point of memory. Sensory memory has an unlimited capacity

  • Iconic memory: visual sensory 0.3 seconds.
  • Echoic memory: auditory 3–4 seconds.
• Short-term memory has a limited capacity of 7 ± 2 units of capacity and a duration of 12–30 s

  • Decay: whereby information is lost
  • Displacement: whereby information is lost as it is pushed out by incoming information.
• Long-term memory is a memory store that holds a potentially unlimited amount of information for a potentially permanent duration of time

  
  

  Explicit memory: consciously retrieved

  • Episodic memory: refers to long-term memory of personally experienced events
  • Semantic memory: is the long-term memory of facts and knowledge.

  Implicit memory: doesn’t require conscious

  • Procedural memory: refers to memory of motor skills and actions
  • Classically conditioned memory: refers to the implicit memory of conditioned response
• 1. Attention: focus
  2. Retention: mental representation so that it may be reproduced when necessary.
  3. Reproduction: imitate the behaviour.
  4. Motivation: the observer wants to reproduce the observed behaviour and perceives some benefit.
  5. Reinforcement: increasing the likelihood of reproduction.

  • External reinforcement: reinforcement provided by another person .

  • Vicarious reinforcement: occurs indirectly by observing a modelled behaviour being reinforced.

  • Self-reinforcement: reinforced by meeting standards we set for ourselves

  • Self-efficacy: refers to our belief in our own abilities.
• Semantic & episodic =

  • autobiographical events
  • Possible imagined future
• Alzheimer’s disease

  neurodeneratve disease (memory decline)

  • amyloid plaques: proteins that form on the axons of neurons and prevent neural transmission, thereby preventing communication between neurons.
  • Neurofibrillary tangles: proteins within neurons that inhibit the transport of essential substances through the neuron

  1. Personality change = reduce cognitive function
  2. post mortem examination = reduce brain size
• Aphantasia

  unable to generate Mental imagery
• Mnemonics

  device to encode, store, retrieve of information

  • acronym = abbreviation from first letter
  • acrostics= poem
  • loci = familiar location and visual linking
• Operant conditioning

  likelihood of behaviour is determined by conseqence
• Antecedent triggers that behaviour or stimulus that trigger behaviour
• Behaviour is voluntary action that occurs in presence of antecedent
• reinforcement: increase the Likelihood of behaviour

  • positive= addition of desireable stimulus
  • negative= removal of undesirable stimulus
• Punishment: decrease the likelihood of behaviour

  • positive = addditioing of undesirable stimulus
  • negative= removal of desirable stimulus
• Classical conditioning is through repeated associstion of two stimulus
• Before conditioning

  • neutral stimulus
  • unconditioned stimulus
  • unconditioned response
• During conditioning

  • repeated association of neutral stimulus before the unconditioned stimulus to produce unconditioned response
• After conditioning

  • conditioned stimulus
  • conditioned response

  neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus producing conditioned response
• classical and operant conditioning:

  • both are behaviourist aprouch to learning
  • passive and active
  • involuntary and voluntary
  • no consequences and consequences
• Explanatory power of multimodel

  • distinguishes between different memory store
  • serial position effect supports it
  • ignores motivation and feeling
  • people may ave different storage capacity
• Sung narrative

  Stories that share important stories

  • Singing allows allows us to create bigger information
• Songlines

  repeating the song enhances the encoding of information