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Geography tectonic hazards
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Izzy Jarvis
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Cards (29)
Inner core
About 1400km in diameter, a solid and dense layer composed of
iron
and
nickel
with temperatures of about 5500°C
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Outer core
About
2100km
thick, a semi-molten metal layer with temperatures between about
5000-5500°C
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Mantle
About
2900km
thick, a
semi-molten
layer which is less dense than the outer core
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Crust
The
thickness
varies, and is made up of
two
types of crust
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Types of crust
Oceanic
crust
Continental
crust
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Oceanic crust
Thinner
(5-10km) but
heavier
and denser
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Continental
crust
Thicker (
25-90km
) but is older and
lighter
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Oceanic
crust is continually being created and
destroyed
as a result of plate movement where it is denser and so subducts under the continental crust
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Continental
crust is much older than
oceanic
crust, as it isn't destroyed
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Tectonic plates
The crust is broken into a number of
tectonic plates
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Tectonic theory once stated the movement of the plates was the result of
convection currents
in the
mantle
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Slab pull theory
Current theory which suggests that the movement is the result of the weight of the denser oceanic plates
subducting
and
dragging
the rest of the plate along
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Plate boundary
or
margin
Where
two plates
meet
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Plate boundaries
Constructive
Destructive
Conservative (
transform
)
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Volcanic
eruptions and earthquakes most commonly occur at or near
plate
boundaries
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Primary effects of earthquakes
Buildings
and
homes
destroyed/damaged
People
Injured
/
killed
Transport
routes destroyed/damaged
Water
/
gas
/electricity supplies cut
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Secondary effects of earthquakes
Economy
slows as businesses take time to re-establish and money is spent on
rebuilding
Aid struggles to reach those in need due to
damaged
/destroyed
transport
routes
Fires start due to broken
gas
and
electricity
supplies
Lack of clean
water
leads to
disease
Damaged/destroyed homes lead to
homelessness
Food
prices
increase
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Primary effects of volcanic eruptions
Buildings,
homes
and
farmland
destroyed/damaged
People
injured
/
killed
Transport routes
destroyed/
damaged
Aircraft grounded
due to
ash
in the atmosphere
Contaminated
water supply
Ash fall buries houses
/
crops
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Secondary effects of volcanic eruptions
Economy
slows as businesses take time to re-establish and money is spent on
rebuilding
Aid struggles to reach those in need due to
damaged
/
destroyed
transport routes
Lack of clean
water
leads to
disease
Damaged/destroyed homes lead to
homelessness
Flooding
caused by ice/snow melting on the volcano slopes may also cause
lahars
Food
prices
increase
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Immediate responses to tectonic hazards
Rescue teams
search for
survivors
Medical assistance
for those
injured
Shelter
provided for
homeless
Food
and
water
provided
Recovery
and
burial
of bodies
Warnings
issued if possible
Evacuation
Clearing
ash
and
debris
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Long-term responses to tectonic hazards
Rebuild
homes and other
buildings
Improve building regulations
Improve
drills
,
evacuation
plans and warning systems
Repair
water
, gas and
electricity
supplies
Money given to
farms
for seed and new
livestock
Data from
eruptions
used to improve
future
predictions
Government planning improved
Transport
routes rebuilt
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Reasons why people live in tectonically active areas
Fertile soils
Tourism
Minerals
and
precious stones
Geothermal energy
Creating
new
land area
Don't want to
leave family
and
friends
Have always
lived
there and don't want to
leave
As technologies and prediction improve people are also more
confident
that they are
prepared
for the hazard
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Monitoring equipment for volcanoes
Seismometers
Lasers
and
tiltmeters
Remote
sensing
Gas
sensors
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Monitoring equipment for earthquakes
Seismometers
Gas sensors
Ground water levels
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Accurate
timings
for volcanic eruptions are not possible
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It is impossible to predict the
date
, time or
location
of earthquakes
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Protection measures for volcanoes
Evacuation
and
exclusion
zones
Strengthening of
roofs
to support weight of falling
ash
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Protection measures for earthquakes
Earthquake
drills
Earthquake resistant
building
design
Sea walls
to protect against tsunami
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Planning measures for volcanoes and earthquakes
Hazard
mapping and risk assessment
Evacuation
plans
Education about what actions to take, including
drills
Stockpile of
emergency
supplies
Training of
emergency
services
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