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What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?
•
Muscle
Attachment
•
Protection
• Joints for
movement
•
Blood
cell production
•
Mineral
storage
Which bones protect the heart and lungs?
•
Ribs
•
Sternum
Define:
synovial joint
A freely movable joint where two or more bones
articulate
Give 2 minerals that are stored in the bones
•
Calcium
•
Phosphorous
Why is calcium important to the body? (2)
• To create strong
bones
and
teeth
Why are red blood cells important?
They contain
haemoglobin
which carries
oxygen.
Define:
ligament
Tissue which connects
bone
to
bone
and stabilises joints
Define:
tendon
Tissue which connects muscle to
bone
and transmits muscular forces to
move
bones
Which movements are possible at a hinge joint?
A hinge joint permits
flexion
and
extension.
Which bones make up the knee joint?
femur,
tibia
,
patella
Which bones articulate within the elbow joint?
•
Humerus
•
Radius
•
Ulna
Which bones articulate within the shoulder joint?
•
Scapula
•
Humerus
Clavicle
Which bones articulate within the hip joint?
•
Pelvis
•
Femur
Define:
flexion
Decreasing
the angle of a
joint
Define:
extension
Increasing the
angle
of a
joint
Define:
abduction
Movement
away
from the
midline
of the body
Define: adduction
Movement
toward the
midline
of the body
Define:
rotation
Movement
around a limb's
long axis
(screwdriver action)
Define:
circumduction
Multiplanar combination of
flexion
, extension,
abduction
and adduction in sequence (circular motion)
Give an example of the deltoids causing flexion
The
deltoids
flex the shoulder of a
tennis
player as they throw the ball up to serve
Give an example of the deltoids causing extension
The
deltoids extend
the shoulder joint of a rounders player as they draw the arm back to
bowl
the ball
Give an example of the deltoids causing
abduction
The deltoids abduct the shoulder joint in the
outward
phase of a star jump
Give an example of the latissimus dorsi causing adduction
The latissimus dorsi
adducts
the shoulder in the
inward
phase of a star jump
Give an example of the pectorals causing adduction (horizontal plane)
The
pectorals
horizontally adduct the arm across the chest during the release of a
discus
Give an example of the abdominals causing
flexion
The abdominals flex the vertebral column and hip joint in the
upward
phase of a sit-up
Give an example of of the gluteals causing extension
The
gluteals
extend the
hip
as a ballet dancer performs an arabesque
Give an example of the gluteals causing
abduction
The gluteals abduct the hip in the
outward
phase of a star jump
Give an example of the gluteals causing rotation
The
gluteals
rotate the
hip
as a ballet dancer moves into first position
Give an example of the trapezius causing abduction
The trapezius horizontally abducts the shoulder to bring the arm back in the
preparation
phase of a
discus
throw
Define:
agonist
The
muscle
most directly involved in bringing about a movement; also called the
prime mover.
Define:
antagonist
A
muscle
which coordinates
movement
(relaxes and lengthens)
Which movement is created by the latissimus dorsi?
Adduction
Define: mechanical advantage
The ability of a
lever system
to move a large load with a
small effort
Define:
axis of rotation
An imaginary line about which a body can
rotate
Vertical axis of
rotation
An imaginary
line
running from top to bottom allowing a spinning rotation i.e.
pirouette
Frontal axis of
rotation
An imaginary line which passes through the body horizontally from the left to right, allowing
flexion
and extension. i.e.
somersault
Sagittal Axis
of
Rotation
An imaginary
line
which runs through the body from front to back, allowing a sideward rotation. i.e
cartwheel
A cartwheel occurs around which axis of rotation?
Sagittal
Transverse
plane
line
that divides the body into
upper
and lower sections
Frontal plane
Divides the body into
front
and
back
portions.
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