Topic 2

• carbon compounds


  carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, proteins
• Metabolism


  the chemical processes (enzyme catalyzed) that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.
• Anabolism


  the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones, including ther formation of macrolmes from monomers by condensation reactions
• Catabolism


  the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules, including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers.
• Insulin


  protein hormone that facilitates the movement of glucose form the bloodstream to the interior of cells
• organic chemistry


  the study of all chemicals containing carbon
• Subcomponent of carbohydrates


  monosaccharides
• subcomponent of lipids


  Glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate groups
• Subcomponent of proteins


  amino acids
• subcomponent of nucleic acids

  nucleotides
• carbohydrate subcategories


  monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
• Lipid subcategories


  triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
• Protein examples


  enzymes, antibodies, peptide hormones
• Monosaccharide examples


  glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
• Disaccharide examples


  sucrose, lactose, maltose
• polysaccharide examples


  starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
• triglyceride examples


  fats in adipose tissue
• phospholipid example


  bilayer of cell membrane
• Steroid examples


  cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
• nucleic acid examples


  DNA, RNA, ATP
• Enzymes


  molecule that increases the likelihood that a collision will lead to a useful reaction
• hydrogen bond


  Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.
• aqueous solution


  a solution in which water is the solvent
• polar covalent bond


  bond between the oxygen atom and the two hydrogen atoms of a signle water molecule; A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
• Electrons


  Negatively charged particles
• covalent bond


  A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
• Dipolarity


  Polarity only on two poles

  
  

  e.g. water molecules
• ephermal


  short-lived
• Cohesion


  Attraction between molecules of the same substance
• Adhesion


  An attraction between molecules of different substances
• high specific heat


  A property of water. Water can absorb lots of heat before changing temperature
• Xylem


  vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
• Pholem


  type of vascular tissue that carries nutrients, food , and dissolved sugars from place to place inside the cell
• Hydrophilic


  water loving
• Hydrophobic


  Water fearing
• nonpolar covalent bond


  a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms
• Methane


  non polar substance example
• monosachharides


  monomer of carbohydrates; linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides
• Types of fatty acids

  saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
• Unsaturated Isomers


  cis and trans