organic chemistry

• Hydrocarbon


  A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms
• Homologous Series


  This is a series or family of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties due to them having the same functional group
• All members of homologous series have:

  - Same general formula

  - Same functional group

  - Similar chemical properties
• Functional group


  A group of atoms bonded in a specific arrangement that influences the properties of the homologous series
• Isomers


  Compounds with same molecular formula but different displayed formula
• Substitution reaction


  Takes place when one functional group is replaced by another

  eg: methane reacts with bromine under ultraviolet light
• Addition


  Addition reaction takes place when two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule with no other products
• Combustion


  Burning.

  In combustion reaction, an organic substance reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
• Bitumen

  For roads and roofs
• Fuel Oil


  Fuel for ships, power stations
• Diesel


  Fuel for cars, lorries and buses
• Kerosene


  Aircraft fuel
• Gasoline


  Fuel for cars
• Refinery gases


  Bottled gas
• Fractional distillation is carried out in a fractionating column which is ...

  Very HOT at the BOTTOM

  Very COOL at the top
• Burning of fossil fuels releases the gases...

  Carbon dioxide

  Carbon Monoxide

  Oxides of nitrogen

  Oxides of sulfur
• Carbon Monoxide


  A toxic odorless gas which can cause dizziness, loss of consciousness and eventually death.
• When you burn hydrocarbons in plenty of oxygen...

  hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
• Incomplete combustion


  1. Produces toxic carbon monoxide and soot.
• Carbon monoxide is dangerous because...

  It binds well to haemoglobin which therefore cannot bind to oxygen and transport it around the body.

  Lack of oxygen in the blood supply to the brain can lead to fainting, coma, or even death.
• Acid rain is caused by...

  Sulfur Dioxide

  Nitrogen Oxides

  
  

  When sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix with water vapor in clouds they form dilute sulfuric acid and nitric acid.

  The rain that falls from these clouds are called acid rain. Acid rain causes lakes to become acidic and many plants and animals die as a result.
• Conditions needed for cracking:

  1. Heat (600-700 degrees)

  2. Catalyst (silica or alumina)
• Alkanes are...


  saturated hydrocarbons
• General formula of alkanes

  CnH2n+2
• My

  Enormous

  Penguin

  Bounces

  Pretty

  High

  Methane - CH4

  
  

  Ethane - C2H6

  
  

  Propane - C3H8

  
  

  Butane - C4H10

  
  

  Pentane - C5H12

  
  

  Hexane - C6H14
• Halogens react with alkanes to make...

  Haloalkanes.

  
  

  Chlorine and Bromine react with alkane in the presence of ultraviolet light.

  
  

  In these reactions a hydrogen atom from the alkane is substituted with chlorine or bromine.

  
  

  Methane + Bromine -> bromoethane + hydrogen bromide.
• Alkenes


  Hydrocarbons which have a double bond between two of the carbon atoms in their chain.
• Alkenes are unsaturated because ...


  they can make more bonds. The double bond can open up allowing the two carbon atoms to bond with other atoms.
• General formula of alkenes

  CnH2n