long kwis ni Gen bio

• Reproductive system


  Consists of primary and secondary sex organs and sex glands
• Primary function of reproductive systems

  To perpetuate the species through sexual or germ cell fertilization and reproduction
• Female reproductive system


  • Uterus
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Ovaries
  • Vagina
  • Vulva
  • Breast
• Uterus


  • Hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ about the size of a woman's clenched fist
  • Has 3 layers: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
• Fallopian tubes


  • Tube widens to form the ampulla
  • Isthmus connects to uterus
  • Fimbria are finger-like projections that trap the egg
  • Infundibulum is the end of the tube
• Ovaries


  • Oval-shaped, about the size of a large olive
  • Filled with egg-containing follicles
  • One follicle ripens and releases the egg during ovulation
• Vagina


  • Muscular tube that expands during sexual arousal
  • Passageway for menstruation and childbirth
• Vulva


  • Mons pubis
  • Labia majora
  • Labia minora
  • Vestibule
  • Clitoris
• Perineum


  • Area between vaginal opening and anus
  • Can tear during childbirth
• Breast


  • Mammary glands that produce milk after childbirth
  • Areola contains sebaceous glands
  • Nipple is where milk ducts open

  
• Menstrual cycle


  1. Follicular phase (menstruation)

  2. Ovulatory phase

  3. Luteal phase
• Pregnancy


  • Fertilized egg implants in uterus
  • Zygote forms with 46 chromosomes
  • Embryo develops in first 8 weeks
  • Fetus grows in last trimester
• Childbirth


  • Labor causes cervix dilation and thinning
  • Cephalic delivery is most common
  • Umbilical cord is cut after birth
• Pregnancy can be complicated by placenta previa, preeclampsia, or spontaneous abortion
• Male reproductive system


  • Scrotum
  • Penis
  • Testes and epididymis
  • Sperm
  • Vas deferens and seminal vesicles
  • Prostate and Cowper's gland
• Scrotum


  • Pouch containing testes and epididymis
  • Contracts to maintain sperm viability
• Penis


  • Urethra runs length of penis
  • Becomes erect during arousal
  • Foreskin may be circumcised
• Testes and epididymis


  • Testes contain seminiferous tubes where sperm are formed
  • Epididymis stores mature sperm
• Sperm


  • Acrosome contains enzymes to penetrate ova
  • Head carries genetic material
  • Midpiece supplies energy
  • Tail provides motility
• Vas deferens and seminal vesicles

  • Vas deferens transport sperm
  • Seminal vesicles produce alkaline fluid that mixes with sperm
• Prostate and Cowper's gland

  • Prostate secretes alkaline fluid for semen
  • Cowper's gland produces mucous-alkaline secretion
• Prenatal development


  • Zygote forms at fertilization
  • Embryo develops in first 8 weeks
  • Fetus grows in last trimester
• Growth and development


  • Growth is increase in size
  • Development includes growth and change through life phases
• Pregnancy is the presence of a developing offspring in the uterus
• Cowper's gland


  Bulbourethral gland that produces a mucous-alkaline secretion in the urethra, excreted just before ejaculation
• Prostate gland


  Secretes an alkaline fluid that mixes with the sperm as part of the semen
• Enlargement of the prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia)


  Obstructs the flow of urine through the urethra
• Zygote


  The cell formed by the union of a sperm and a secondary oocyte, marking the beginning of prenatal development
• Prenatal development


  1. Cell division

  2. Growth

  3. Specialization into distinctive tissues and organs
• Prenatal period


  From fertilization to birth
• Postnatal period


  From birth to death
• Pregnancy


  The presence of a developing offspring in the uterus
• Pregnancy


  Three trimesters, each three months long
• Transport of sex cells

  1. Ovulation of a secondary oocyte

  2. Sperm reaching the secondary oocyte
• Fertilization


  The union of an egg cell (secondary oocyte) and a sperm cell
• Prenatal period


  1. Period of cleavage

  2. Embryonic stage

  3. Fetal stage

  
• Cleavage


  The rapid cell division and distribution of the zygote's cytoplasm into progressively smaller cells
• Blastomeres


  The cells produced during cleavage
• Hormonal changes during pregnancy

  1. Secretion of hCG maintains corpus luteum

  2. Corpus luteum secretes estrogens and progesterone

  3. Placenta secretes estrogens and progesterone

  4. Estrogens and progesterone have various effects

  5. Relaxin from corpus luteum inhibits uterine contractions and relaxes pelvic ligaments

  6. Placental lactogen stimulates breast development

  7. Aldosterone promotes sodium retention

  8. PTH maintains calcium concentrations

  
• Trophoblast cells


  Secrete hCG, which maintains the corpus luteum