Ethnicity

• Wood et al


  Sent 3 closely matched CV's to 1000 job vacancies using different names - 'white' names offered more interviews
• Palmer


  1/2 of minority ethnic children in low income households

  More likely to be unemployed
• Indian pupils


  Achievements above average (from better off backgrounds)

  More likely to attend private schools
• Qualifications


  Less likely to be recognised by employer as foreign
• Working women


  Cultural factors stop them working
• Em's tend to live in economically depressed areas

  High unemployment

  Low wage rates
• Attitudes and values


  Fatalistic attitudes of black culture
• Platt


  Em groups had higher career aspirations than white
• Family structure and parental support


  Inadequate socialisation by parents

  Moynihan - lone mother = financial struggles, boys lack father role model
• Lack of father figure according to Sewell

  More likely to turn to street gangs as they offer perverse loyalty/love - gangs are anti education
• Institutional racism


  Discrimination built into institutions eg school
• Locked in inequality'


  Roithmayr - not longer a conscious intent to discriminate
• Gillborn


  Ethnic inequality is an inevitable feature of the education system
• Marketisation and segregation


  Selection procedures lead to ethnic segregation
• Commission for Racial Equality 1993


  Em students end up at unpopular schools
• Ethnocentric curriculum


  Curriculum which reflects culture of 1 dominant ethnic groups
• Little Englandism'


  Ball

  Education ignores black and Asian history
• Access to opportunities


  'Gifted and talented program' - white twice as likely to be gifted and talented than EM's

  Exam tiers - EM's less likely to be entered for higher tier exams
• New IQism


  Secondary schools using IQ test to allocate pupils to different streams, black more likely to be placed in lower streams
• Gillborn and Youdell


  Teachers quicker to discipline black pupils for the same behaviour - behaviour misinterpreted as threatening
• Osler


  Black pupils higher rates of exclusion - more likely to be placed in pupil referral units, excluded from mainstream curriculum
• 3 types of pupil according to Archer

  Ideal pupil

  Pathologised pupil

  Demonised pupil
• Pathologised pupil identity


  Typically Asian from deprived background
• Demonised pupil identity


  White or black, working class
• 3 types of teacher racism according to Mirza

  Colour blind

  Liberal chauvinists

  Overt racists
• Colour-blind teacher racism


  Teachers who believe all pupils are equal but allow racism to go unchallenged
• Liberal chauvinists teacher racism


  Black pupils culturally deprived, low expectations
• Overt racists teachers


  Black pupils inferior, actively discriminate against them
• 4 responses from black boys according to Sewell

  Rebels

  Conformists

  Retreatists

  Innovators
• Rebel response


  Anti school, black 'macho' lad subculture
• Conformists response


  Majority accept school values
• Retreatists response


  Isolated from school and black subculture
• Innovators response


  Pro education, anti school
• Girls response to teacher racism

  Avoid racist teachers - underachievement
• Fuller


  Black girls study - internalised negative label and did opposite
• Mac and Ghaill


  Similar to Fuller

  Black and Asian a level pupils did opposite of negative label